Showing posts with label governance. Show all posts
Showing posts with label governance. Show all posts

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Mediate

8.22.19
Ark of the Covenant

Mediate
Profit
调解利润 
Tiáojiě lìrùn
利益を仲介する 
Rieki o chūkai suru
ps131, 132
Mediata prodest

The priest is not proud
when with objectivity endowed.

The cleric is a detective
when research is the objective.

Simple expression is the task that matters
to explain the elements of the pattern.

"I still my soul to make it quiet.
I release my thought for mental silence.

"My soul is made quiet with this request
like a child upon its mother's breast."

Wait upon the test of science
to show the way to self-reliance.

Remember what the priest endured
to show how hardship made the feast secure. 

The horse ran to overcome the halter.
It passed the inn. It did not falter. 

The elder made a promise that he vowed to keep.
He would not allow his eyes to sleep.

"I will not lay my head on my pillow to rest
until I find the place to build a temple to be divinely blessed." 

We heard that the ark of the covenant was in a fruitful place.
We found it in the fields of the forest in a beautiful state.

Let us go stand near the symbol of the divine presence
that we may enjoy the feeling of the essential essence.

Arise to shine on your resting place
between the wings of the cherubim by your grace.

The wings have become an open book
where those who seek faith may come to look.

Let your pastor be clothed with the rightness of faith.
Let your faithful people sing with joy in the sacred space.

Do not turn away the face of your Anointed.
The love of the beloved uses oil as the ointment.

The beloved was true to the law insofar as he was able.
He did not punish non-lethal sin in a way that was fatal.

The humble citizen defended himself against charges that were false.
Success detained him without cruelty to check reports for embellished faults.

The Lord has sworn an oath in faith to love
for those who are true to the spirit of the dove.

Love God with your heart, understanding and strength.
Love your relations as yourself with attention to length.

You are not far from the kingdom of heaven in law.
Your faith is the leaven to overcome difficulty caused by flaws.

The fruit of your labor 
will be seen with favor
as long as it serves
the network of nerves.

If your children keep my covenant
with the testimony of love in it
they will retain your power in governance
for strength in sustenance.

Zion is the sacred space between the wings of the pages.
It is the habitation for which we sing with the sages.

"I will delight in this place forever.
I will dwell in this state with pleasure."

The economy will be blessed with employment.
Earned income will be by self-appointment
in the service of public enjoyment.

Your priesthood will be clothed with salvation.
The faithful will help to build a productive nation.

The fruit of the harvest will bless the table with provision.
The light for the Anointed is prepared to share wisdom.

Those loyal to the royal priesthood will shine.
Their achievement will be a share in the divine.

--------------------------

Psalm 131

Domine, non est
Dominated, is not

1 O Lord, I am not proud;
I have no haughty looks.
2 I do not occupy myself with great matters,
or with things that are too hard for me.
3 But I still my soul and make it quiet,
like a child upon its mother's breast;
my soul is quieted within me.
4 O Israel, wait upon the Lord,
from this time forth for evermore.

132 Memento, Domine
Remember, Dominated

1 Lord, remember David,
and all the hardships he endured;
2 How he swore an oath to the Lord
and vowed a vow to the Mighty One of Jacob:
3 "I will not come under the roof of my house,
nor climb up into my bed;
4 I will not allow my eyes to sleep,
nor let my eyelids slumber;
5 Until I find a place for the Lord,
a dwelling for the Mighty One of Jacob."
6 "The ark! We heard it was in Ephratah; (fruitful)
we found it in the fields of Jearim. (forest)
7 Let us go to God's dwelling place;
let us fall upon our knees before his footstool."
8 Arise, O Lord, into your resting-place,
you and the ark of your strength.
9 Let your priests be clothed with righteousness;
let your faithful people sing with joy.
10 For your servant David's sake,
do not turn away the face of your Anointed.
11 The Lord has sworn an oath to David;
in truth, he will not break it:
12 "A son, the fruit of your body
will I set upon your throne.
13 If your children keep my covenant
and my testimonies that I shall teach them,
their children will sit upon your throne for evermore."
14 For the Lord has chosen Zion;
he has desired her for his habitation:
15 "This shall be my resting-place for ever;
here will I dwell, for I delight in her.
16 I will surely bless her provisions,
and satisfy her poor with bread.
17 I will clothe her priests with salvation,
and her faithful people will rejoice and sing.
18 There will I make the horn of David flourish;
I have prepared a lamp for my Anointed.
19 As for his enemies, I will clothe them with shame;
but as for him, his crown will shine."

-------------------------

Shimei- my reputation
Gera- dove
Abishai- father of a gift
Zeruiah- pain

2 Samuel 19:18b-23

Shimei son of Gera fell down before the king as he was about to cross he Jordan. He said, 'May my lord not hold me guilty or remember how your servant did wrong on the day my lord the king left Jerusalem. May the king not bear it in mind. Your servant knows that I have sinned. I have come this day, the first of the house of Joseph to come down to meet my lord the king.'

Abishai son of Zeruiah answered, 'Shall not Shimei be put to death for this because he cursed the LORD's anointed?' David said, 'What have I to do with you, you sons of Zeruiah, that you should today become adversary to me? Shall anyone be put to death in Israel this day? Do I not know that I am this day king over Israel?' The king said to Shimei, 'You shall not die.' He gave him his oath.

-------------------------

The beloved was true to the law insofar as he was able.
He did not punishment non-lethal sin in a way that was fatal.

===================

Felix- lucky
Lysias- destroyer

Acts 24:22-23

Felix, who was rather well informed about the Way, adjourned the hearing with the comment, 'When Lysias the tribune comes down, I will decide your case.' Then he ordered the centurion to keep him in custody, but to let him have some liberty and not to prevent any of his friends from taking care of his needs.

-------------------------

The humble citizen defended himself against the charges as false.
He was detained without cruelty to check reports for embellished faults.

===================

Mark 12:32-34

The scribe said to him, 'You are right, Teacher. You have said that "He is one. Beside him there is no other" and "love him with all the heart, the understanding and the strength" and "love one's neighbor as oneself." This is much more important than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.' When Jesus saw that he answered wisely, he said to him, 'You are not far from the kingdom of God.' After that no one dared to ask him any question.

-------------------------

Love God with your heart, understanding and strength.
Love your relations as your self with attention to length.

You are not far from the kingdom of heaven in this law.
Your faith is the leaven to overcome difficulty caused by flaws.

===================

German idealism lent itself to socialism. American idealism has been used for what is right about capitalism.

Devaluations

Max Scheler
b. 8.22.1874 Munich, Germany
d. 5.19.1928 Frankfurt, Germany

Max Ferdinand Scheler was a German philosopher known for his work in phenomenology, ethics and philosophical anthropology. He developed the method of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl.

Martin Heidegger praised him with Ortega y Gasset as "the strongest philosophical force in... contemporary Europe" after his death in 1928.

Karol Wojtyła, later Pope John Paul II, defended his doctoral thesis in 1954 on the evaluation of the possibility of "Constructing Christian Ethics" based on the system of Max Scheler.

Munich

Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria. Bavaria is in the southeastern corner of Germany. The city is about 50 km (31 mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706 ft) above sea level. The local rivers are the Isar and the Würm. Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland.

It is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, the second most populous German federal state. It is the third-largest city in Germany with a population of around 1.5 million. It comes after Berlin and Hamburg in size. It is the 12th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people.

The name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning "by the monks".  The Benedictine order ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich. A monk is depicted on the city's coat of arms.

The city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806. The state's parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were located in the city.

Landshut University was moved to Munich 20 years later. Many of the city's finest buildings belong to this period. They were built under the first Bavarian kings.

Ludwig I rendered outstanding services to Munich's status as a center of the arts. He attracted numerous artists and enhanced the city's architectural substance with grand boulevards and buildings.

Ludwig II came to be known the world over as the fairytale king. He was mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside. His patronage of Richard Wagner secured his posthumous reputation, as do his castles, which still generate significant tourist income.

Max Scheler

Max Scheler was born in Munich, Germany on 22 August 1874 to a Lutheran father and an Orthodox Jewish mother.

He was not a particularly strong student, but he showed an interest in the works of Nietzsche. He identified himself as a social democrat and an enthusiastic Marxist.

He turned to Catholicism as an adolescent. He became non-committal prior about 1921. He disassociated from Catholicism and the Judeo-Christian God in public after 1921. He chose to invest in philosophical anthropology.

He started to study medicine at the University of Munich in 1894. He enrolled at the University of Berlin in 1895 for the philosophy and sociology. He attended the lectures of Dilthey and Simmel.
Berlin is 585 km (365 mi.) north of Munich.

Dilthey’s research interests revolved around questions of scientific methodology, historical evidence and the science of history. His view contrasted with the idealism in Germany at the time by his experiential reference differed from British empiricism in basic assumptions. He drew his references from German literary and philosophical traditions.

Simmel was a first generation German sociologist. His approach was neo-Kantian. It laid the foundation for his sociological anti-positivism. He asked the question ‘What is society?’ as a reflection of Kant’s question, ‘What is nature?’ Individuality was a fragmentation of social identity.

The cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms was conducted by the course of history. He was a forerunner to the structuralist style of reasoning in the social sciences. Urban sociology, symbolic interactionism and social network analysis contributed to the formation of the metropolis.

He transferred to Jena in 1896 to finish his studies with Eucken.

Jena is 260 km (160 mi.) southwest of Berlin.

Eucken advocated for ethical activism as the application for practical idealism. The philosophy of life is for the development of a new culture, not mere intellectualism. It is an application of vital religious inspiration to the practical problems of society.

It was Eucken’s ideas regarding the inner quest for a spiritual life of every human being that drew Scheler’s attention.

It was through this interest in practical idealism that Scheler developed a relationship with the American pragmatism of William James. The two exchanged letters in correspondence.

Scheler received his doctorate on the determination of the relations between logical and ethical principles at the University of Jena in 1897. He worked for his habilitation there as well.

He took a trip to Heidelberg in 1898 and met Max Weber. Weber had an impact on his thought.

Scheler met Husserl at a party in Jena in 1901. He read Husserl’s Logical Investigations a year later. The remainder of this life would be dedicated to the progress of phenomenology.

Scheler was reading French philosophy during this period. He was a major factor in introducing Henri Bergson’s work to German intellectual circles.

Scheler moved his family to Munich in 1906 to start his position there as Privatdozent. A number of students working with the psychologist Theodor Lipps at the University of Munich had founded the Psychologische Verein ("Psychological Association") in 1895.

Lipps was known for the theory of aesthetics that framed the concept of empathy. His work opened a new branch of interdisciplinary research in psychology and philosophy.

Psychology was a discipline on the rise at the turn of the 20th century. The relation between philosophy and psychology was intensely debated. The debate concerned whether psychology is a philosophical discipline or whether philosophy is based on psychology.

The position that logical concepts are psychological have been labeled as “psychologism.” The logical law of the excluded middle has to be interpreted in terms which state that it is impossible for a subject to judge at the same time that p and not-p are true.

Psychologism was contested by a competing approach within the “anti-psychologist” strand.  There are different views as to how logical concepts and laws have to be positively defined. They agreed that logic does not depend on psychology.

Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900/01) was critical of the psychologism. A number of participants in the Psychological Association at Munich decided to align themselves with Husserl. They became the Munich Circle of phenomenologists. Scheler joined this group.

The Munich circle included students from both the Psychological Association and the phenomenological group.

A number of Lipps' students followed the lead of Daubert in 1905. They left Munich for the University of Gottingen to work with Husserl. The arrival of students from Munich eventually led to the establishment of a similar student group in Göttingen circa 1910, known as the Göttingen Circle.

Scheler taught at the University of Munich from 1907 to 1910. He lost his teaching privileges due to controversies surrounding the separation from his first wife and reported affairs with students.

He earned his living as a private scholar, lecturer and freelance writer from 1910 to 1919. He  joined the circle after the invitation in 1912 to give private lectures in Göttingen.

He was forbidden to teach at a German university so his lectures would often have to be held in hotel rooms rented by his close friend Dietrich von Hildebrand.

The first volume of the Yearbook for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research appeared in 1913. Scheler was a co-editor with 3 others and Husserl.

He published major works such as Phenomenology and Theory of the Feeling of Sympathy and of Love and Hate (1913), Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Value (Part 1 1913, Part 2 1916), The Genius of War and the German War (1915).

Scheler conceptualized the nation as an intellectual collective entity, which discovers and recognizes itself through war in his famous 1915 essay. The German nation, purified through the war, had the political mission of pushing Russia back into Asia and unifying Europe.

He tried to demonstrate a fundamental difference between Europe and Asia by analysing music, language, religion, gender roles and thought.

He attempted to explain this phenomenon of an all-pervading hate towards Germany in a lecture in Frankfurt in 1916. This prompted his essay “The Causes of Hatred Against Germans”, which was first published in 1917 and again in 1919.

The strongest motivation of the hate laid in the newly established unique German work ethic. The ethic was intensified by political, economic and social requirements. The ancient characteristic pursuit of the infinite which expressed itself in idealism coalesced with the work ethic.

Transcendental phenomenlogy posited a necessary correlation between reality and consciousness. A thing in itself is never one with which consciousness has nothing to do.

Edith Stein became a student of Husserl. She wrote her dissertation on the problem of empathy. It was finished in 1916. She became his teaching assistant.

Scheler had voluntarily enrolled to serve in the war for the airship battalion of the reserve in Cologne, but was not accepted due to his astigmatism. The State Department  sent him to Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands from 1917 to 1918 to influence Catholic circles. He was to give lectures to sick and wounded German soldiers, interned in the neutral Netherlands.

This phase of his war philosophy coincided with the period in which the philosopher developed his theory of value. This theory proceeds on the assumption of the existence of an objective hierarchy of values which can be accessed through intentional feeling of values.

Scheler also composed several articles next to his book on formalism. He was accepted into the Catholic Church. He worked on the prominent Catholic magazine Hochland.

He finally took a strong position against nationalism entirely and committed himself to Europeanism in his lecture “On Europe’s Cultural Reconstruction” in 1917-1918. His Europeanism primarily encompassed continental Europe, but he suggested that England should also be included. This new Europe should be open towards Asia culturally.

Europe was now a “community of intellect and love” in his definition of nation. The unity of Europe was the reference point for a post-war order. He used the term “Europeanism” in an affirmative manner to show a third possibility of forming unity beyond nationalism and internationalism.

Europe was not defined by its geography. It was a concept that connoted a unified, spiritual structure. The collective enemy was the capitalistic, liberal, bourgeois, nationalistic and imperialistic ethos. Europeanism and anti-capitalistic criticism can be identified as constants in his war philosophy.

Scheler received an invitation in 1918 to join the faculty of the newly founded research institute for the social sciences in Cologne. He became professor of philosophy and sociology at the University of Cologne.

He wrote his major work on religion, On the Eternal in Man (1921) during his time at Cologne. He stayed there until 1928.  He accepted a new position at the University of Frankfurt early that year.

Scheler was the only scholar of rank of the then German intelligentsia who gave warning in public speeches delivered as early as 1927 of the dangers of the growing National Socialist movement.

'Politics and Morals' and 'The Idea of Eternal Peace and Pacifism' were subjects of talks he delivered in Berlin in 1927. He argued that capitalism was a calculating, globally growing 'mind-set', rather than an economic system in his analysis.

While economic capitalism may have had some roots in ascetic Calvinism, its very mind-set had its origin in modern, subconscious angst as expressed in increasing needs for financial and other securities for protection and personal safeguards as well as for rational manageability of all entities.

The subordination of the value of the individual person to this mind-set was sufficient reason to denounce it and to predict a whole new era of culture and values which he called 'The World-Era of Adjustment'.

Scheler advocated for an international university to be set up in Switzerland. He was at that time supportive of programs such as 'continuing education' and of what he seems to have been the first to call a 'United States of Europe'.

He deplored the gap existing in Germany between power and mind, a gap which he regarded as the very source of an impending dictatorship and the greatest obstacle to the establishment of German democracy.

He died in Frankfurt, Germany at the age of 53 on 19 May 1928. The Nazi dictatorship (1933–1945) suppressed Scheler's work 5 years after his death.

The Germans were like the French in their idealism. They were for socialism in that it was opposed to British and American capitalism. They started to criticize Marx, but they maintained his criticism against Adam Smith.

Marx had used the prediction of proletariat revolution to deflect attention from national dependence upon socialist government. Labor had made such progress in gaining benefits that they had a better quality of life than much of the middle class.

Now socialists subscribe to populist media stories in order to suggest that there is unity in opposition to economic success.

The middle class still has a presumption of professionalism with education for business enterprise. Socialist government was subverting the value of education by the implication that the applicants for higher education had to support the criticism of capitalism. 

Liberals made funding for research look like it was entirely dependent upon the government as a source. This lent itself to the perception that the intellectual had to blame the success of the business world for economic inequality.

Capitalism maintains a position for the production of value for the public with products or services. Education and the limitation of political overreach contribute to the production of value.

Organization can be developed when liberals in the national government are not claiming to be the answer to things like gun violence, racism, sexism and capitalism with legislation and increased taxation.   

Max Scheler
S. 马克斯舍勒
T. 馬克斯舍勒

马  Ma    horse                   馬 ba         horse                     Ma  まっ  マッ          Maeg  맥  vein   
克  ke      gram                   克  koku   overcome               ku    く       ク             seu     스  s         
斯  si        this                     斯 shi        this                        su     す      ス             Chel   첼  cell     
舍  She    house                 舍  seki     inn                         She  しぇ  シェ           leo     러   naughty
勒  lei      to force               勒   roku   halter                     ra     ら-   ラ-                         

-------------------------

The horse ran to overcome the halter.
It passed the inn. It did not falter.

===================

wiki Max Scheler
SEP Scheler
SEP Phenomenology
wiki Munich

Absolute Self

Kant was Prussian. His philosophy has been used to promote universal disarmament. It is too idealistic in this regard.

Berkeley used the concept of the immaterial as a contrast to material reality. His idealism was conditioned by the search to define knowledge. He was opposed to the liberal implications of Locke's empiricism.

Consider the use of the term absolute with respect to objective judgment. When judgment is restrained by reason to realistic truth, it is guided by impartial considerations. It is not subjectively for prejudice.

The sun shines and the rain falls on people irrespective of prejudiced beliefs conditioned by race, creed or color.

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Why

6.13.19
Greek Fortress Outside Wall of Jerusalem

Why
This?
为什么这样
Wèishéme zhèyàng
なぜこれ
Naze kore
ps74
Quid est

Why this
after the bliss 
of our tryst?

What happened to the congregation you bought long ago,
the tribe you redeemed for the inheritance of your ancestral tempo
and the secure foundation for the security of your escrow? 

No one has been found like Abraham.
He kept the law like a histogram.
He certified the covenant in his flesh.
He became the father of the nations crest.
When he was put to the test
he substituted something lesser as better for the best.

Turn your attention to the attack on our heritage.
Liberal power has made deceptive experiment the imperative.

Socialism has laid claim to the end of time
to use the threat of revolution to meet demands across borderlines.

They were like loggers laying siege to a grove of trees.
They rejected conservative reason for various causes as idolatries.

Populist rhetoric was used to deny unity. 
Factional speech declared special favor for importunity. 

Media expression blared that they cared when they did not.
Opposition was attacked and detracted as though they had been caught.

Foreign policy for aggression displaced accountability
for the national security of official improbability. 

How long will the adversary scoff at the utility of joy?
How long will they make aggression into the avoirdupois?

Why do you draw back your hand?
Why is your demand bidden in our land?

Some person was caught up into Paradise with Christ.
He heard things of joy beyond the ability to describe.

The royalty of his noble authority was honored by the public.
Oaths of loyalty were laid before his path by people who had felt they were loveless.

One ruler in the party of succession for the conservation of wealth
in the economics of stability for the commonweal
has been the rule of order for social and personal health
amidst the tales and travails of stealth. 

When liberals from the lower house have been placed over the higher
and the agreement has been forced upon the prior
administrative qualifier
as the fire of desire for the entire official attire
the basis for civil rights has been decayed in the quagmire.

It's like the sea was divided by the elements of strife.
The heads of dragons were shattered upon the waters for life.

The head of the Leviathan was crushed
that the people of the desert might be fed enough.
Raiders were not allowed to take their stuff.

Judean Wilderness

The dry earth was split by spit for spring and torrent.
The ever flowing river serves the converse as conditions warrant.

Yours is the day for work or play.
Yours also is the night to review the ways of the day.

You established the moon and sun.
Energy was made to run for fun.

The study of probability is a mental construct
that stems from the observation of variance in nature's conduct.

The boundaries of the earth have been fixed.
Summer, fall, winter and spring have conditions mixed
in the relative fix of the betwixt of each interdict. 

Summer bans cold. 
Winter abhors warmth as old.
Spring decreases darkness and cold for growth.
Fall is the end of growth as an oath for most.

Remember how those who listened with enmity 
scoffed at the Incarnation of Memory. 

Foolish people despised your Name
to defame your legacy as lame. 

Do not sacrifice the dove to wild beasts.
Make sure you have enough for what your child needs.

Look upon your covenant embodied
as the ground for your governance copied.

Let legitimate complaint be heard.
Help the poor find economy with your word.

Rise to shine to maintain your cause.
Let those who revile authority find respect for law.

Show that error caused by mass deception 
results in tumult for the engine of reception.

----------------------------

Dyeus- shine or sky
Zeus- Light
Deus- God

74 Ut quid, Deus?
Why, God?

1 O God, why have you utterly cast us off?
why is your wrath so hot against the sheep of your pasture?
2 Remember your congregation that you purchased long ago,
the tribe you redeemed to be your inheritance,
and Mount Zion where you dwell.
3 Turn your steps toward the endless ruins;
the enemy has laid waste everything in your sanctuary.
4 Your adversaries roared in your holy place;
they set up their banners as tokens of victory.
5 They were like men coming up with axes to a grove of trees;
they broke down all your carved work with hatchets
and hammers.
6 They set fire to your holy place;
they defiled the dwelling-place of your Name
and razed it to the ground.
7 They said to themselves, "Let us destroy them altogether."
They burned down all the meeting-places of God in the land.
8 There are no signs for us to see;
there is no prophet left;
there is not one among us who knows how long.
9 How long, O God, will the adversary scoff?
will the enemy blaspheme your Name for ever?
10 Why do you draw back your hand?
why is your right hand hidden in your bosom?
11 Yet God is my King from ancient times,
victorious in the midst of the earth.
12 You divided the sea by your might
and shattered the heads of the dragons upon the waters;
13 You crushed the heads of Leviathan
and gave him to the people of the desert for food.
14 You split open spring and torrent;
you dried up ever-flowing rivers.
15 Yours is the day, yours also the night;
you established the moon and the sun.
16 You fixed all the boundaries of the earth;
you made both summer and winter.
17 Remember, O Lord, how the enemy scoffed,
how a foolish people despised your Name.
18 Do not hand over the life of your dove to wild beasts;
never forget the lives of your poor.
19 Look upon your covenant;
the dark places of the earth are haunts of violence.
20 Let not the oppressed turn away ashamed;
let the poor and needy praise your Name.
21 Arise, O God, maintain your cause;
remember how fools revile you all day long.
22 Forget not the clamor of your adversaries,
the unending tumult of those who rise up against you.

-------------------------
===================
-------------------------

Sirach 44:19-20

Abraham was the father of a multitude of nations.
No one has been found like him in glory.
He kept the law of the Most High
when he entered into a covenant with him.
He certified the covenant in his flesh.
When he was tested he proved faithful.

-------------------------

No one has been found like Abraham.
He kept the law like a histogram.
He certified the covenant in his flesh.
He became the father of nations crest.
When he was put to the test
he substituted something better as best.

===================

2 Corinthians 12:2-4

I know a person in Christ who 14 years ago was caught up to the third heaven. Whether it was in the body or outside the body I do not know. God knows. I know that such a person was caught into Paradise and heard things that are not to be told. No mortal is permitted to repeat.

-------------------------

Some person was caught up into Paradise with Christ.
He heard things of joy beyond the ability to describe.

===================

Luke 19:39

Some of the Pharisees in the crowd said to him, 'Teacher, order your disciples to stop.' He answered, 'I tell you, if these were silent, the stones would shout out.'

-------------------------

The royalty of his noble authority was honored by the public.
Cloaks were spread before his path by people who had felt they were loveless.

===================

Probability

Bruno de Finetti
b. 6.13.1906  Innsbruck, Austria
d. 7.20.1985  Rome, Italy

Bruno de Finetti  was an Italian probabilist statistician and actuary. He was  noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability.

The classic exposition of his distinctive theory is the 1937 "Prediction: Logical Laws, Subjective Sources." (La prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives) The paper discussed probability founded on the coherence of betting odds and the consequences of exchangeability.

Exchangeability is equivalent to the concept of statistical control. This form of control has application in the manufacturing process. It ensures quality in efficient production to make more products conform to specification with less waste.

De Finetti was born in Innsbruck, Austria.

Innsbruck, Austria


Map

The town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol in 1248. The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge. The design has been used since 1267.

The route over the Brenner Pass was a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe. It was the easiest route across the Alps. It was part of the Via Imperii, a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish.

Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, ally of France, during the Napoleonic Wars. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces. He made Innsbruck the center of his administration.

The combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army. Innsbruck was part of Bavaria until 1814. Austrian rule was restored after the Vienna Congress (1814-1815). The town was part of the Austrian monarchy until 1918. It was one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol.

The location in the Alps has made it a destination for winter sports. Innsbruck is also known for its Imperial and modern architecture.

Bruno de Finetti

De Finetti was born on June 13, 1906 when Innsbruck was part of Austria-Hungary. His Italian parents were Austrian citizens. His father worked as a railway constructor. He was an engineer as was his father before him.

The states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily had united as a kingdom in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was the king. The Italian Nationalist movement held the goal of joining the modern industrialized powers.

Extensive industrialization and the building of a modern infrastructure was well underway by the 1890's. Alpine railway lines connected Italy to the French, German and Austrian rail systems. Two south-going coastal lines were also completed. Most of the larger industrial businesses were founded with considerable investment from Germany, Britain, France and others.

The de Finetti family presence in Innsbruck was a result of the expansion of the railway system.

It was no surprise when in 1923 Bruno de Finetti enrolled at Milan Polytechnic (Politecnico di Milano). He discovered his true passion for mathematics there.

He was inspired by a paper of the biologist Carlo Foà during his third year. He started research work in the field of population genetics. This led him to the first of his almost three hundred writings (1926). it was the first example of a model with overlapping generations in population genetics. He was at least forty years ahead of its time.

He moved to the recently founded University of Milan. He graduated in Applied Mathematics with a dissertation on affine geometry in 1927. Affine geometry is the study of parallel lines. He was supervised by Giulio Vivanti, a mathematician who made some noteworthy contributions to complex analysis.

A position was already waiting for him in Rome as an actuary and statistician at the Italian Central Statistical Institute, founded and directed by Corrado Gini. He remained there until 1931.  He transferred to the Trieste insurance company Assicurazioni Generali from 1931.

He was one of the first mathematicians to become aware of the possibilities offered by computing machinery due to the mechanization of some actuarial services. He supplemented his work in the following years with several academic appointments, both in Trieste and Padua.

He won a competition for Chair of Financial Mathematics and Statistics in 1936, but was not nominated due to a fascist law barring access to unmarried candidates.

He concentrated on his academic activity starting from 1946. He became a full professor at the University of Trieste in 1947. He was appointed as ordinary professor at the university only in 1950. He moved to "La Sapienza" University of Rome in 1954 where he remained until the end of his career.

De Finetti was especially fond of the aphorism: Probability does not exist. The study of probability is an expression of the observer's view of the world. It is a mental construct as such. It has no existence of its own.

Statistical inference is no longer an empirical process that produced opinions from data as a consequence of the subjective approach. It becomes a logical-psychological process selecting opinions compatible with data among the available ones.

His contributions to probability and statistics do not reduce to his subjective approach. They include important results on finitely additive measures, processes with independent increments, sequences of exchangeable variables and associative means.

De Finetti emphasized a predictive inference approach to statistics. He proposed a thought experiment along the following lines for coherence in a philosophical gambling strategy.

You must set the price of a promise to pay $1 if there was life on Mars 1 billion years ago and $0 if there was not. The answer will be revealed tomorrow.

You know that your opponent will be able to choose either to buy such a promise from you at the price you have set or require you to buy such a promise from your opponent at the same price.
You set the odds in other words, but your opponent decides which side of the bet will be yours.

The price you set is the "operational subjective probability" that you assign to the proposition on which you place your bet. This price has to obey the probability axioms if you are not to face certain loss as you would if you set a price above $1 (or a negative price).

De Finetti could justify additivity by considering bets on more than one event. Prices or equivalent odds that do not expose you to certain loss through a Dutch book are called coherent.

A Dutch book or lock is a set of odds and bets in gambling which guarantees a profit regardless of the outcome of the gamble. It is associated with probabilities implied by the odds not being coherent.
The term usually refers to a sequence of trades that would leave one party strictly worse off and another strictly better off in economics.

His interest in economics was innate and led him during his first year at Milan Polytechnic to attend the lectures given there by Ulisse Gobbi. These confirmed him in his radical position for a collective Pareto optimum with a "fairness" criteria.

Italy's politics favored radical socialism due to a regionally fragmented right after unification. The kingdom attempted to join the Great Powers in acquiring colonies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The cost of colonization made the task difficult. It added to the huge debt that modernization had incurred.

Italy remained neutral at the beginning of World War I. The kingdom declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire in exchange for several territories. The Fascist regime grew after the end of WWI in opposition to the threat of socialist revolution by labor.

The political situation had been reduced to the competition between the different forms of socialism. This had a parallel development with the case in Spain in their civil war. The expansion of the condition for revolutionary demand was largely the result of labor union agreement with the economic theory of Engels and Marx. 

De Finetti was a Fascist during his youth, then moved to Christian socialism and finally adhered to the Radical Party. His longing for social justice caused him  to run as a candidate in several elections in the 1970's. He was arrested for his antimilitarist position.

He is also noted for de Finetti's theorem on exchangeable sequences of random variables. He was not the first to study exchangeability but he brought the subject to greater visibility. He started publishing on the topic in the late 1920's but the 1937 article is his most famous treatment.

He introduced the concept of infinitely divisible probability distributions in 1929.

He also introduced de Finetti diagrams for graphing genotype frequencies.

Bruno de Finetti was a honorary fellow of the Royal Statistical Society as well as a member of the International Statistical Institute and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics at the time of his death. He died in Rome on July 20, 1985.

Extensions of de Finetti's representation theorem have been found to be useful in quantum information in topics like quantum key distribution and entanglement detection in the 21st century.

Bruno de Finetti
S. 布鲁诺·代·芬蒂
T. 布魯諾·代·芬蒂

布 Bu       to announce              布  fu        cloth                     Bu  ぶ      ブ              Beu   브   the
鲁  lu        rude                           魯 ro         foolish                 ru  る-     ル-              lu      루   sack   
诺  nuo    promise                      諾 daku   consent                  no  の      ノ                no     노   furnace
代  dai      generation                 代 dai       substitute             de  で      デ                 deu   드   de       
芬  Fen     perfume                     芬 fun      perfume               Fu   ふぃ  フィ            Pi      피    blood
蒂  di        stem                          蒂  tei       stem of plant        net  ねっ ネッ             ne     네     yeah 
                                                                                                ti     てぃ   ティ           ti       티     tea     

-------------------------

The study of probability is a mental construct
that stems from the observation of variance in nature's conduct.

===================

wiki Bruno de Finetti
St. Andrews History De Finetti
Digital Papers
Medical Papers

Tuesday, May 7, 2019

Be


5.8.19
Broken Gate

Be
Patient 

要有耐心
Yào yǒu nàixīn
我慢して
Gaman shite
ps38

I have been punished enough.
I don't need more to make me tough.

Oppression has pressed hard against me.
Aggression has stressed parts I can't see.

National government has taxed too much.
Irrational governance has waxed as such.

The market is a measure for the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

Iniquities have overwhelmed me.
Indignities have not been healthy.

Foolishness has festered.
Forgiveness has been checkered and gestured
by hecklers and jesters.

I've been a witness to the psyche in decay.
It's a breeding ground for the depraved.

I've become so numb all I want to do
is to review the influence of cost on my internal revenue.

The groaning of my heart
is tearing me apart.

I have been dominated by shame, not by age.
I want liberation from pain and rage.

Desire is known as the drive for achievement.
My sighs release the stress from excessive disagreement.

My heart is pounding. My strength has not failed.
The start to counting is enhanced with the sense of scale.

People withdraw from affliction.
It is seen as a personal kind of addiction.

Those who seek to take my authority
speak of my ruin as a product of inferiority.

I have become deaf. I'm like one who does not hear
the fear of their tears as the cause of their jeers.

I have become like one who cannot speak in defense.
The strength of my policy has already passed the test.

I have fixed by hope in faith.
My God will help me fix the broken gate.

I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense.
The gate will work as the opening to the length of fence."

Pain has moved me to the edge of time.
I am on the verge of another paradigm.

I regret the consequence that my error has brought,
but I am learning what the experience has taught.

There are those though who have made themselves into enemies without cause.
The existence of difference or sameness has been used for centuries of false laws.

Those who repay evil for good follow accusation with slander.
They have created a strawman to barter with their banter.

I will stay on course for what is right.
I will not rage against the dying light.

Imminent Wonder, you are my strength.
Do not leave me to the depth of soul at length.

Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
to redeem us from error's strife.

-----------------------

38 Domine, ne in furore
Dominated, not in rage

1 O Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger;
do not punish me in your wrath.
2 For your arrows have already pierced me,
and your hand presses hard upon me.
3 There is no health in my flesh,
because of your indignation;
there is no soundness in my body, because of my sin.
4 For my iniquities overwhelm me;
like a heavy burden they are too much for me to bear.
5 My wounds stink and fester
by reason of my foolishness.
6 I am utterly bowed down and prostrate;
I go about in mourning all the day long.
7 My loins are filled with searing pain;
there is no health in my body.
8 I am utterly numb and crushed;
I wail, because of the groaning of my heart.
9 O Lord, you know all my desires,
and my sighing is not hidden from you.
10 My heart is pounding, my strength has failed me,
and the brightness of my eyes is gone from me.
11 My friends and companions draw back from my affliction;
my neighbors stand afar off.
12 Those who seek after my life lay snares for me;
those who strive to hurt me speak of my ruin
and plot treachery all the day long.
13 But I am like the deaf who do not hear,
like those who are mute and do not open their mouth.
14 I have become like one who does not hear
and from whose mouth comes no defense.
15 For in you, O Lord, have I fixed my hope;
you will answer me, O Lord my God.
16 For I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense,
those who gloat over me when my foot slips."
17 Truly, I am on the verge of falling,
and my pain is always with me.
18 I will confess my iniquity
and be sorry for my sin.
19 Those who are my enemies without cause are mighty,
and many in number are those who wrongfully hate me.
20 Those who repay evil for good slander me,
because I follow the course that is right.
21 O Lord, do not forsake me;
be not far from me, O my God.
22 Make haste to help me,
O Lord of my salvation.

----------------------------

It is clear that the neo-Babylonian empire had a line of succession that venerated their literary tradition as an extension of their agriculture and construction projects. It is likely that they did not take their captives into the confidence of education in their culture. They were probably only allowed enough knowledge of the language for rudimentary instruction regarding behavior.

Daniel 5:16, 22-3

The king said, 'I have heard that you can give interpretatons and solve problems. Now if you are able to read the writing and tell me its interpretation, you shall be clothed in purple, have a gold chain around your neck and rank third in the kingdom.'...

'You Belshazzar, son of Nebuchadnezzar, have not humbled your heart, even though you knew all this about your father. You have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven! The vessels of his temple have been brought in befoe you. You, your lords, your wives and your concubines have been drinking wine from them. You have praised the gods of silver, gold, bronze, iron, wood and stone which do not see, hear or know; but the God in whose power lies your breath to whom belongs all your ways, you have not honored.'

Daniel- God is judge
Belshazzar- Lord protect the king
Nebuchadnezzar- O god of literacy (Nabu)
Nabu was the son of Marduk (bull calf of the sun god Utu)

----------------------------

Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

====================

1 John 5:20

We know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding so we may know him. We are in his Son Jesus Christ who is true. He is the true God, our eternal life.

----------------------------

Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
 to redeem us from error's strife.

====================

Against Socialism
Friedrich Hayek
b. 5.8.1899 Vienna, Austria
d. 3.23.1992 Freibur im Breisgau, Germany

Vienna

Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. The city had 2 million inhabitants before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I.  It was the fourth largest city in Europe after London, Paris and Berlin in 1910.

The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together as a European Centrope border region.

Vienna is said to be "The City of Dreams." It was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1899. It is also regarded as the City of Music due to the musical legacy that was produced there.

The city's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements. These tribal and constructed settlements transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city.  It became the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

It was made the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars in 1804. It remained the capital for the new empire after the  Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

It is was a leading European music center from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. It played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss.

The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens. The late-19th-century Ringstraße is lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.
The population of the city has been primarily Roman Catholic due to the proximity to Rome and the strong affiliation with artistic leadership for the culture.

Friedrich August von Hayek

F.A. Hayek was an Anglo-Austrian economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. He was a major social theorist and political philosopher of the 20th century.

Friedrich was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas (née von Juraschek). His father was born in 1871 also in Vienna. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health. He had a passion for botany. He wrote a number of monographs for the field. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna.

His mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy conservative and land-owning family. She received a significant inheritance as her mother died several years prior to Hayek's birth. The inheritance provided as much as half of her and her husband's income during the early years of their marriage.
Friedrich was the oldest of three brothers. Heinrich (1900–1969) and Erich (1904–1986) were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

His father's career as a university professor influenced Hayek's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk. Juraschek was one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics.

Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote works in the field of biological systematics. Some of these are relatively well known.

Friedrich was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein on his mother's side. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters and had known him well. Friedrich became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

He said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought though he had met Ludwig on only a few occasions. He recalled a discussion of philosophy when both were officers during World War I in his later years.

He had intended to write a biography and worked on collecting family materials and later assisted biographers after Wittgenstein's death. He was related on the non-Jewish side of the Wittgenstein family.

Friedrich socialized with Jewish intellectuals since his youth.  He mentioned that people often speculated whether he was also of Jewish ancestry. He spent some time researching his ancestors and found out that he had Jewish ancestors which date back five generations. The surname Hayek is the German spelling of the Czech Hájek.

He displayed an intellectual bent from a very young age. He read frequently before going to school. He read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and August Weismann and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach at his father's suggestion when he was a teenager. He was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics in school.

He joined an artillery regiment in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought on the Italian front. Much of his combat experience was spent as a spotter in an aeroplane. He suffered damage to his hearing in his left ear during the war and was decorated for bravery. He also survived the 1918 flu pandemic during this time.

Hayek decided to pursue an academic career. He was determined to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war. He said of his experience: "The decisive influence was really World War I. It's bound to draw your attention to the problems of political organization". He vowed to work for a better world.

Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively at the University of Vienna. He also studied philosophy, psychology and economics. When the University of Vienna closed he studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy. His work in the lab was engaged in staining brain cells.

Hayek's time in Monakow's lab and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach inspired his first intellectual project. This was eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels. It rejected the "sense data" association of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's classroom presence during Hayek's years at the University of Vienna left a lasting influence on him.

Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government upon the completion of his examinations.  He worked on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain.

Hayek worked as a research assistant to Professor Jeremiah Jenks of New York University between 1923 and 1924. He compiled macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the Federal Reserve.

He was initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, but his economic thinking shifted away from socialism toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars.

He joined several of his university friends including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann and Gottfried Haberler. These were also participating in Hayek's own seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin. He retained a long-standing relationship.

He founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research with the help of Mises in the late 1920's. He joined the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world upon his arrival in London. 

His development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba P. Lerner and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs in 1932. The point was argued in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes. His letters were co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in The Times.

The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dated from Winston Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war and pre-inflationary par. The decision was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's dissenting engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy.

Hayek and Keynes disagreed on many essential economics matters beyond that single public conflict. They had disagreement on the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labor inputs. Their economic disagreements were both practical and fundamental in nature.

Keynes called Hayek's book Prices and Production "one of the most frightful muddles I have ever read". He added: "It is an extraordinary example of how, starting with a mistake, a remorseless logician can end in Bedlam." Other notable economists have also been staunch critics of Hayek. John Kenneth Galbraith and Paul Krugman were include. He wrote that "the Hayek thing is almost entirely about politics rather than economics."

Notable economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930's and 1940's include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, William Baumol, John Kenneth Galbraith, Leonid Hurwicz, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Oskar Lange. Some were supportive and some were critical of his ideas. Hayek also taught or tutored many other LSE students including David Rockefeller.

Hayek remained in Britain after the Anschluss brought Austria under the control of Nazi Germany in 1938.  Hayek and his children became British subjects in that year.

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism. The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude."

The author warned against the danger that inevitably resulted from "government control of economic decision-making through central planning." He argued that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator and the serfdom of the individual.

Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism including National Socialism was a capitalist reaction against socialism for labor. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual.

It is worth noting that even leader's in Marxist economic theory have had to pull back from the aggressive promotion of a proletarian revolution. Hayek may have had to bargain for a change in economic policy with his defense of classical liberalism.

The problem with the term liberal is that it has a strong association with both education and government expenditure. The French suffer from this association. While the middle class has contributed greatly to the development of education, Marxist theory has laid the blame for economic malady on the middle class along with the capitalist leadership in business or government.

There is a significant problem created by the socialist and liberal leaders in business and government insofar as liberal expenditure on government favors certain sectors in the market.

Whereas liberal leadership claims to support civil and individual rights, the record of history shows that the claim has been used to support insurrection against foreign government and the invasion of foreign land. The disrespect for boundaries results in serious damage to the rights of the people in the nation of the government that claimed to support civil rights.

Liberal arts in education is an appreciable course of studies when it doesn't promote socialist economic theory or liberal expenditure by the government. Even dependence upon government funding for the arts, education or scientific research is harmful insofar as it promotes belief in central planning to reduce rights for citizens. 

Classical liberalism is one step removed from socialism, but it results in de facto socialism. 

Conservative reform recognizes the value of constitutional political structure for the development of social organization to produce a productive value.

The book The Road to Serfdom was originally published for a British audience by Routledge Press in March 1944 in the United Kingdom. The University of Chicago Press published it in September 1944. The U.S. publisher’s expectation was that the book would sell between 900 and 3,000 copies. The initial printing of 2,000 copies was quickly sold out. 30,000 copies were sold within six months. 

The University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies had been sold in 2007.
Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945. The abridgement enabled The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider audience than academics. The book is popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

"The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a scholarly article written by economist Friedrich Hayek. It was first published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review.

It was written along with The Meaning of Competition as a rebuttal to fellow economist Oskar R. Lange and his endorsement of a planned economy. It was included among the twelve essays in Hayek's 1948 compendium Individualism and Economic Order.

Hayek's article argues against the establishment of a Central Pricing Board. The establishment of the board was advocated by Lange. Hayek highlighted the dynamic and organic nature of market price-fluctuations and the benefits of this phenomenon.

He asserted that a centrally planned economy could never match the efficiency of the open market. That which is known by a single agent is only a small fraction of the sum total of knowledge held by all members of society. A decentralized economy thus complements the dispersed nature of information spread throughout society.

Hayek left the London School of Economics in 1950. He was hired by the University of Chicago after spending the 1949–1950 academic year as a visiting professor at the University of Arkansas. His salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation, the William Volker Fund.
Hayek had made contact with many at the University of Chicago in the 1940's. The Road to Serfdom played a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works.

Hayek conducted a number of influential faculty seminars while at the University of Chicago. A number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own.  Aaron Director was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School.

Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for neoliberals. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organization devoted to libertarian ideas.

Hayek's first class at Chicago was a faculty seminar on the philosophy of science. it was attended by many of the University of Chicago's most notable scientists of the time. Enrico Fermi, Sewall Wright and Leó Szilárd were included. Hayek worked on the philosophy of science, economics, political philosophy and the history of ideas during his time at Chicago. His economics notes from this period have yet to be published. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1954.

He planned to publish work on the liberal order after editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters. He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned that "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society."

He was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany from 1962. He began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. He regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful".  He spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles following his retirement from Freiburg in 1968.

He continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty. He taught a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Preliminary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts. He finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

President Ronald Reagan listed Hayek as among the two or three people who most influenced his philosophy and welcomed Hayek to the White House as a special guest. Hayek was appointed a Companion of Honour (CH) in the 1984 Birthday Honours by Elizabeth II on the advice of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics."

Hayek's principal investigation in economics concerned capital, money and the business cycle. Ludwig von Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to value in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912). He also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell.

Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle. He elaborated on what later became known as the Austrian theory of the business cycle. Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. This was published in 1929. An English translation appeared in 1933. He argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle.

Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time in his Prices and Production (1931). This credti expansion led to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. He claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process."

Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. He asserted that all forms of collectivism even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. The central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law with as little arbitrary intervention as possible in Hayek's view.

Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative." It was included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty.  He disparaged conservatism in it for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program. He remarked: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."

He noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals. Belief in the free market is the primary agreement. He believed it is because conservatism wants to "stand still" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere."

Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use the word "liberal" in its original definition. The term "libertarian" has been used instead. He also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" with its frequent association with imperialism.

Hayek also found libertarianism a term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig." He  borrowed the phrase from Edmund Burke. He said: "I am becoming a Burkean Whig" later in life. Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy.

His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers. He inspired James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism" for example.

British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook in Why F A Hayek is a Conservative. Conservatives are not averse to change. They are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in a centralized authority that seeks to impose its own existence as the reason for increase in liberal expenditure. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook that Hayek and conservatives both share.

Hayek was brought up in non-religious setting and decided that he was an agnostic from age 15. He died in 1992 in Freiburg, Germany.

Friedrich Hayek
S.
弗里德里希哈耶克
T.
弗里德里希哈耶克

Fu  not             futsu    dollar            Fu                                       
li   inside          ri         village           ri  り-  リ-                       
de  ethics          toku    virtue           do                           
li  inside           ri        league           ri                          
xi  hope           ki        hope              hi                         
Ha  yawn         ha    school of fish   Ha                              
ye  ye               ya    question mark  eu えっ エッ                         
ke  restrain       koku  kindly            ku                                        
  
프리드리히 하이에크                                   

----------------------------

The market is a measure of the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

====================