Be

5.8.19

Broken Gate

Be
Patient 
要有耐心
Yào yǒu nàixīn
我慢して
Gaman shite
ps38

I have been punished enough.
I don't need more to make me tough.

Oppression has pressed hard against me.
Aggression has stressed parts I can't see.

National government has taxed too much.
Irrational governance has waxed as such.

The market is a measure for the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

Iniquities have overwhelmed me.
Indignities have not been healthy.

Foolishness has festered.
Forgiveness has been checkered and gestured
by hecklers and jesters.

I've been a witness to the psyche in decay.
It's a breeding ground for the depraved.

I've become so numb all I want to do
is to review the influence of cost on my internal revenue.

The groaning of my heart
is tearing me apart.

I have been dominated by shame, not by age.
I want liberation from pain and rage.

Desire is known as the drive for achievement.
My sighs release the stress from excessive disagreement.

My heart is pounding. My strength has not failed.
The start to counting is enhanced with the sense of scale.

People withdraw from affliction.
It is seen as a personal kind of addiction.

Those who seek to take my authority
speak of my ruin as a product of inferiority.

I have become deaf. I'm like one who does not hear
the fear of their tears as the cause of their jeers.

I have become like one who cannot speak in defense.
The strength of my policy has already passed the test.

I have fixed by hope in faith.
My God will help me fix the broken gate.

I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense.
The gate will work as the opening to the length of fence."

Pain has moved me to the edge of time.
I am on the verge of another paradigm.

I regret the consequence that my error has brought,
but I am learning what the experience has taught.

There are those though who have made themselves into enemies without cause.
The existence of difference or sameness has been used for centuries of false laws.

Those who repay evil for good follow accusation with slander.
They have created a strawman to barter with their banter.

I will stay on course for what is right.
I will not rage against the dying light.

Imminent Wonder, you are my strength.

Do not leave me to the depth of soul at length.

Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
to redeem us from error's strife.

-----------------------

38 Domine, ne in furore
Dominated, not in rage

1 O Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger;

do not punish me in your wrath.

2 For your arrows have already pierced me,

and your hand presses hard upon me.

3 There is no health in my flesh,

because of your indignation;

there is no soundness in my body, because of my sin.

4 For my iniquities overwhelm me;

like a heavy burden they are too much for me to bear.

5 My wounds stink and fester

by reason of my foolishness.

6 I am utterly bowed down and prostrate;

I go about in mourning all the day long.

7 My loins are filled with searing pain;

there is no health in my body.

8 I am utterly numb and crushed;

I wail, because of the groaning of my heart.

9 O Lord, you know all my desires,

and my sighing is not hidden from you.

10 My heart is pounding, my strength has failed me,

and the brightness of my eyes is gone from me.

11 My friends and companions draw back from my affliction;

my neighbors stand afar off.

12 Those who seek after my life lay snares for me;

those who strive to hurt me speak of my ruin

and plot treachery all the day long.

13 But I am like the deaf who do not hear,

like those who are mute and do not open their mouth.

14 I have become like one who does not hear

and from whose mouth comes no defense.

15 For in you, O Lord, have I fixed my hope;

you will answer me, O Lord my God.

16 For I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense,

those who gloat over me when my foot slips."

17 Truly, I am on the verge of falling,

and my pain is always with me.

18 I will confess my iniquity

and be sorry for my sin.

19 Those who are my enemies without cause are mighty,

and many in number are those who wrongfully hate me.

20 Those who repay evil for good slander me,

because I follow the course that is right.

21 O Lord, do not forsake me;

be not far from me, O my God.

22 Make haste to help me,

O Lord of my salvation.

----------------------------

It is clear that the neo-Babylonian empire had a line of succession that venerated their literary tradition as an extension of their agriculture and construction projects. It is likely that they did not take their captives into the confidence of education in their culture. They were probably only allowed enough knowledge of the language for rudimentary instruction regarding behavior.

Daniel 5:16, 22-3

The king said, 'I have heard that you can give interpretatons and solve problems. Now if you are able to read the writing and tell me its interpretation, you shall be clothed in purple, have a gold chain around your neck and rank third in the kingdom.'...

'You Belshazzar, son of Nebuchadnezzar, have not humbled your heart, even though you knew all this about your father. You have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven! The vessels of his temple have been brought in befoe you. You, your lords, your wives and your concubines have been drinking wine from them. You have praised the gods of silver, gold, bronze, iron, wood and stone which do not see, hear or know; but the God in whose power lies your breath to whom belongs all your ways, you have not honored.'

Daniel- God is judge
Belshazzar- Lord protect the king
Nebuchadnezzar- O god of literacy (Nabu)
Nabu was the son of Marduk (bull calf of the sun god Utu)

----------------------------

Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

====================

1 John 5:20

We know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding so we may know him. We are in his Son Jesus Christ who is true. He is the true God, our eternal life.

----------------------------

Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
 to redeem us from error's strife.

====================

Against Socialism

Friedrich Hayek
b. 5.8.1899 Vienna, Austria
d. 3.23.1992 Freibur im Breisgau, Germany

Vienna

Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. The city had 2 million inhabitants before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I.  It was the fourth largest city in Europe after London, Paris and Berlin in 1910.

The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together as a European Centrope border region.

Vienna is said to be "The City of Dreams." It was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1899. It is also regarded as the City of Music due to the musical legacy that was produced there.

The city's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements. These tribal and constructed settlements transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city.  It became the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

It was made the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars in 1804. It remained the capital for the new empire after the  Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

It is was a leading European music center from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. It played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss.

The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens. The late-19th-century Ringstraße is lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.

The population of the city has been primarily Roman Catholic due to the proximity to Rome and the strong affiliation with artistic leadership for the culture.

Friedrich August von Hayek

F.A. Hayek was an Anglo-Austrian economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. He was a major social theorist and political philosopher of the 20th century.

Friedrich was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas (née von Juraschek). His father was born in 1871 also in Vienna. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health. He had a passion for botany. He wrote a number of monographs for the field. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna.

His mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy conservative and land-owning family. She received a significant inheritance as her mother died several years prior to Hayek's birth. The inheritance provided as much as half of her and her husband's income during the early years of their marriage.

Friedrich was the oldest of three brothers. Heinrich (1900–1969) and Erich (1904–1986) were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

His father's career as a university professor influenced Hayek's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk. Juraschek was one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics.

Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote works in the field of biological systematics. Some of these are relatively well known.

Friedrich was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein on his mother's side. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters and had known him well. Friedrich became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

He said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought though he had met Ludwig on only a few occasions. He recalled a discussion of philosophy when both were officers during World War I in his later years.

He had intended to write a biography and worked on collecting family materials and later assisted biographers after Wittgenstein's death. He was related on the non-Jewish side of the Wittgenstein family.

Friedrich socialized with Jewish intellectuals since his youth.  He mentioned that people often speculated whether he was also of Jewish ancestry. He spent some time researching his ancestors and found out that he had Jewish ancestors which date back five generations. The surname Hayek is the German spelling of the Czech Hájek.

He displayed an intellectual bent from a very young age. He read frequently before going to school. He read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and August Weismann and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach at his father's suggestion when he was a teenager. He was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics in school.

He joined an artillery regiment in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought on the Italian front. Much of his combat experience was spent as a spotter in an aeroplane. He suffered damage to his hearing in his left ear during the war and was decorated for bravery. He also survived the 1918 flu pandemic during this time.

Hayek decided to pursue an academic career. He was determined to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war. He said of his experience: "The decisive influence was really World War I. It's bound to draw your attention to the problems of political organization". He vowed to work for a better world.

Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively at the University of Vienna. He also studied philosophy, psychology and economics. When the University of Vienna closed he studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy. His work in the lab was engaged in staining brain cells.

Hayek's time in Monakow's lab and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach inspired his first intellectual project. This was eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels. It rejected the "sense data" association of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's classroom presence during Hayek's years at the University of Vienna left a lasting influence on him.

Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government upon the completion of his examinations.  He worked on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain.

Hayek worked as a research assistant to Professor Jeremiah Jenks of New York University between 1923 and 1924. He compiled macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the Federal Reserve.

He was initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, but his economic thinking shifted away from socialism toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars.

He joined several of his university friends including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann and Gottfried Haberler. These were also participating in Hayek's own seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin. He retained a long-standing relationship.

He founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research with the help of Mises in the late 1920's. He joined the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world upon his arrival in London. 

His development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba P. Lerner and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs in 1932. The point was argued in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes. His letters were co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in The Times.

The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dated from Winston Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war and pre-inflationary par. The decision was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's dissenting engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy.

Hayek and Keynes disagreed on many essential economics matters beyond that single public conflict. They had disagreement on the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labor inputs. Their economic disagreements were both practical and fundamental in nature.

Keynes called Hayek's book Prices and Production "one of the most frightful muddles I have ever read". He added: "It is an extraordinary example of how, starting with a mistake, a remorseless logician can end in Bedlam." Other notable economists have also been staunch critics of Hayek. John Kenneth Galbraith and Paul Krugman were include. He wrote that "the Hayek thing is almost entirely about politics rather than economics."

Notable economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930's and 1940's include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, William Baumol, John Kenneth Galbraith, Leonid Hurwicz, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Oskar Lange. Some were supportive and some were critical of his ideas. Hayek also taught or tutored many other LSE students including David Rockefeller.

Hayek remained in Britain after the Anschluss brought Austria under the control of Nazi Germany in 1938.  Hayek and his children became British subjects in that year.

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism. The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude."

The author warned against the danger that inevitably resulted from "government control of economic decision-making through central planning." He argued that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator and the serfdom of the individual.

Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism including National Socialism was a capitalist reaction against socialism for labor. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual.

It is worth noting that even leader's in Marxist economic theory have had to pull back from the aggressive promotion of a proletarian revolution. Hayek may have had to bargain for a change in economic policy with his defense of classical liberalism.

The problem with the term liberal is that it has a strong association with both education and government expenditure. The French suffer from this association. While the middle class has contributed greatly to the development of education, Marxist theory has laid the blame for economic malady on the middle class along with the capitalist leadership in business or government.

There is a significant problem created by the socialist and liberal leaders in business and government insofar as liberal expenditure on government favors certain sectors in the market.

Whereas liberal leadership claims to support civil and individual rights, the record of history shows that the claim has been used to support insurrection against foreign government and the invasion of foreign land. The disrespect for boundaries results in serious damage to the rights of the people in the nation of the government that claimed to support civil rights.

Liberal arts in education is an appreciable course of studies when it doesn't promote socialist economic theory or liberal expenditure by the government. Even dependence upon government funding for the arts, education or scientific research is harmful insofar as it promotes belief in central planning to reduce rights for citizens. 

Classical liberalism is one step removed from socialism, but it results in de facto socialism. 

Conservative reform recognizes the value of constitutional political structure for the development of social organization to produce a productive value.

The book The Road to Serfdom was originally published for a British audience by Routledge Press in March 1944 in the United Kingdom. The University of Chicago Press published it in September 1944. The U.S. publisher’s expectation was that the book would sell between 900 and 3,000 copies. The initial printing of 2,000 copies was quickly sold out. 30,000 copies were sold within six months. 

The University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies had been sold in 2007.

Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945. The abridgement enabled The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider audience than academics. The book is popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

"The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a scholarly article written by economist Friedrich Hayek. It was first published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review.

It was written along with The Meaning of Competition as a rebuttal to fellow economist Oskar R. Lange and his endorsement of a planned economy. It was included among the twelve essays in Hayek's 1948 compendium Individualism and Economic Order.

Hayek's article argues against the establishment of a Central Pricing Board. The establishment of the board was advocated by Lange. Hayek highlighted the dynamic and organic nature of market price-fluctuations and the benefits of this phenomenon.

He asserted that a centrally planned economy could never match the efficiency of the open market. That which is known by a single agent is only a small fraction of the sum total of knowledge held by all members of society. A decentralized economy thus complements the dispersed nature of information spread throughout society.

Hayek left the London School of Economics in 1950. He was hired by the University of Chicago after spending the 1949–1950 academic year as a visiting professor at the University of Arkansas. His salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation, the William Volker Fund.

Hayek had made contact with many at the University of Chicago in the 1940's. The Road to Serfdom played a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works.

Hayek conducted a number of influential faculty seminars while at the University of Chicago. A number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own.  Aaron Director was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School.

Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for neoliberals. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organization devoted to libertarian ideas.

Hayek's first class at Chicago was a faculty seminar on the philosophy of science. it was attended by many of the University of Chicago's most notable scientists of the time. Enrico Fermi, Sewall Wright and Leó Szilárd were included. Hayek worked on the philosophy of science, economics, political philosophy and the history of ideas during his time at Chicago. His economics notes from this period have yet to be published. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1954.

He planned to publish work on the liberal order after editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters. He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned that "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society."

He was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany from 1962. He began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. He regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful".  He spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles following his retirement from Freiburg in 1968.

He continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty. He taught a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Preliminary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts. He finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

President Ronald Reagan listed Hayek as among the two or three people who most influenced his philosophy and welcomed Hayek to the White House as a special guest. Hayek was appointed a Companion of Honour (CH) in the 1984 Birthday Honours by Elizabeth II on the advice of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics."

Hayek's principal investigation in economics concerned capital, money and the business cycle. Ludwig von Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to value in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912). He also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell.

Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle. He elaborated on what later became known as the Austrian theory of the business cycle. Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. This was published in 1929. An English translation appeared in 1933. He argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle.

Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time in his Prices and Production (1931). This credti expansion led to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. He claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process."

Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. He asserted that all forms of collectivism even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. The central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law with as little arbitrary intervention as possible in Hayek's view.

Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative." It was included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty.  He disparaged conservatism in it for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program. He remarked: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."

He noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals. Belief in the free market is the primary agreement. He believed it is because conservatism wants to "stand still" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere."

Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use the word "liberal" in its original definition. The term "libertarian" has been used instead. He also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" with its frequent association with imperialism.

Hayek also found libertarianism a term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig." He  borrowed the phrase from Edmund Burke. He said: "I am becoming a Burkean Whig" later in life. Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy.

His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers. He inspired James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism" for example.

British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook in Why F A Hayek is a Conservative. Conservatives are not averse to change. They are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in a centralized authority that seeks to impose its own existence as the reason for increase in liberal expenditure. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook that Hayek and conservatives both share.

Hayek was brought up in non-religious setting and decided that he was an agnostic from age 15. He died in 1992 in Freiburg, Germany.

Friedrich Hayek
S. 弗里德里希哈耶克
T. 弗里德里希哈耶克

弗 Fu  not            弗 futsu    dollar            Fu  ふ  フ                                   
里 li   inside         里 ri         village           ri  り-  リ-                       
德 de  ethics         德 toku    virtue           do  ど   ド                      
里 li  inside          里 ri        league           ri  り   リ                     
希 xi  hope          希 ki        hope              hi  ひ   ヒ                    
哈 Ha  yawn        哈 ha    school of fish   Ha は   ハ                          
耶 ye  ye              耶 ya    question mark  eu えっ エッ                         
克 ke  restrain     克  koku  kindly            ku  く  ク                                    

  
프리드리히 하이에크                                   

----------------------------

The market is a measure of the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

====================

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hayek.html

http://www.barnum-review.com/portfolio/vienna-in-1899/