Sunday, January 26, 2020

Present

2.2.20

Shakira

Present
Love
现在的爱 
Xiànzài de ài
現在の愛
Genzai no ai
ps88
Nunc love

The messenger of the covenant has come
for presentation in the temple as a son. 


The offerings of Judah and Jerusalem have been pleasant 
as the model for the worship of God in the present.

Membership in a tribe is not equivalent to instruction in the law. 
Knowledge of the language for the promise of salvation has to be drawn.  

Those who were held in slavery by the fear of death
were liberated by the Spirit with the holy breath.

He came to fulfill the promise to the descendants of Abraham
with the bloodless sacrifice established by the blood of the Lamb.

This high priest offered the sacrifice of his body on the cross
by the fire of the Spirit with prayer for those who had been lost.

He himself was tested by what he suffered for others
to help those who are being tested for what they may discover.   

The parents of Jesus took him to Jerusalem for purification
according to the law of Moses to celebrate their station in the nation.
A sacrifice was offered to fulfill their obligation.

Simeon was righteous and devout in his study of the law.
His obedience was a symbol of grace in the acceptable draw.

He and Anna gave testimony as the first god-parents for the Church
that Jesus as Christ was the light for the revelation to the Gentile search.

O Lord, my God I call for help by day.
I cry out in the night for guidance in Your way.

Christ is the Lord
that leads the astral chord
for the choral ford.

Our Lord 
is above board.

It may seem odd
but we can reach closer to God.

It is close enough to say
that we can be heard to pray.

Let my prayer arise.
Incline Your ear to my cry.

My soul is full of trouble.
My life feels the derision of division doubled.


Pit - Empty Well?

I had been reckoned like those in the Pit.
My strength had gone. I felt like this was it.

Like one forsaken among the dead
I lie as slain and profaned on a deathbed;

Like those who are remembered no more
as though the body had drifted in a boat from shore.

I laid in a state as in the depths of the grave
in regions dark, deep and depraved.

Wrath toyed with anger and envy at my expense.
My body was struck by waves that sought to erase sense.

My companions shunned me for the power
that made me a thing of horror by the hour.

I was shut in this state.
It felt like there was no escape.

My eyes had grown dim through sorrow.
Every day I called to You to help me reach tomorrow.

I spread my fingers at the end of extended arms
in the hope that You would release me from my alarm.

Have You worked wonders for the dead?
Did the shades rise up to praise You as living Bread?

Is Your steadfast love declared in the grave
or where the daffodil or lily no longer wave?

Are Your wonders known in the darkness?
Is the promise of Your salvation found among the starkless?

I cry to You before the dawn.
My prayer is offered before the first light is drawn.

Did You cast me off?
Why did my prayer not payoff?

I suffered terror for my error.
I seek Your redemption as the standard bearer. 

Wrath toyed with anger and envy at my expense.
My body was struck by waves that sought to erase all sense.

The waves assaulted my sense all day.
They closed in on sensibility as the way
to play.

Love from family and friends was denied.
My companions dwelt in darkness unsatisfied.

Let Your love be imparted with peace
according to the word that doesn't cease.

My eyes have seen the salvation 
promised to the people of faithful station
as a light to the Gentiles and for the glory of Israel as a nation. 

---------------------

Ps.88
A Song.
A Psalm of the Sons of Korah.
To the choirmaster: according to Mahalath Leannoth.
A Maskil of Heman the Ezrahite.

[1] O LORD, my God, I call for help by day;
I cry out in the night before thee.
[2] Let my prayer come before thee,
incline thy ear to my cry!
[3] For my soul is full of troubles,
and my life draws near to Sheol.
[4] I am reckoned among those who go down to the Pit;
I am a man who has no strength,
[5] like one forsaken among the dead,
like the slain that lie in the grave,
like those whom thou dost remember no more,
for they are cut off from thy hand.
[6] Thou hast put me in the depths of the Pit,
in the regions dark and deep.
[7] Thy wrath lies heavy upon me,
and thou dost overwhelm me with all thy waves. [Selah]
[8] Thou hast caused my companions to shun me;
thou hast made me a thing of horror to them.
I am shut in so that I cannot escape;
[9] my eye grows dim through sorrow.
Every day I call upon thee, O LORD;
I spread out my hands to thee.
[10] Dost thou work wonders for the dead?
Do the shades rise up to praise thee? [Selah]
[11] Is thy steadfast love declared in the grave,
or thy faithfulness in Abaddon?
[12] Are thy wonders known in the darkness,
or thy saving help in the land of forgetfulness?
[13] But I, O LORD, cry to thee;
in the morning my prayer comes before thee.
[14] O LORD, why dost thou cast me off?
Why dost thou hide thy face from me?
[15] Afflicted and close to death from my youth up,
I suffer thy terrors; I am helpless.
[16] Thy wrath has swept over me;
thy dread assaults destroy me.
[17] They surround me like a flood all day long;
they close in upon me together.
[18] Thou hast caused lover and friend to shun me;
my companions are in darkness.

--------------------
===============
---------------------

Psalm 88


The title of the psalm states that it is a song from the sons of Korah and a maskil from Heman the Ezrahite. It is addressed to the choirmaster according to Mahalath Leannoth.

The bible addresses the theme of rebellion with the sons of Korah. Korah was the cousin of Moses. He led a rebellion against the prophet. It is reported that he and his family were 'struck down' by fire from heaven.

The group was not destroyed in fact. They were made into one of those families that served as singers in the temple. Now the sons of Korah were leaders of the people in prayer expressed with music as song along with the Kothahites. The Kothathites were the part of the tribe of Levi, those who served as priests in the temple.

Redemption is the key implication. Those who had rebelled acquired a position of service in the temple after they changed their position regarding God, Moses and the law. They had sought to force change on the leadership and the people with violence.

Their story would come to serve as an example that dissatisfaction could be used to seek guidance with prayer. They joined with the family of Kohath. Kohath translates as 'obey.'

The theme of redemption from the impulse to rebel is beneficial to the sovereignty of a state. It's not as though the weapons that were used in rebellion had to be outlawed. Knowledge of the use for defense is legal.

The darkness of Naphtali represents strength born of working the earth to produce a yield. Part of that strength is embodied in experience of work with tools that turns the dirt to make it fertile enough to produce plants for consumption from seeds. Another part comes from the ability to use the tools in defense from attack against the people of the land. 

Heman the Ezrahite

'Heman' is a Jewish name (Hebrew: הימן) meaning 'Faithful'. It is found 16 times in the Bible. Heman the Ezrahite may be one of the three Levites assigned by King David to be ministers of music. This Heman was a grandson of Samuel the prophet.

The name Ezra is derived from the Hebrew word for 'help.' The Korahite Heman is called "the Ezrahite." A descendant of Levi was ascribed a name if he were a son of Zerah who belonged to the tribe of Judah. The psalm may have been worked into the canon of scripture from a later date.

The word "Maskil" מַשְׂכִּיל or "ha-maskil" indicates a scholar or an "enlightened man." The name was used as a title for activists in the Haskalah movement of the 18th and 19th centuries.

The Haskalah was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe. It arose as a defined ideological worldview during the 1770's. its last stage ended around 1881 with the rise of Jewish nationalism.

The Haskalah promoted rationalism, liberalism, freedom of thought and enquiry. It was largely perceived as the Jewish variant of the general Age of Enlightenment. The modern press and literature in the language were pioneered.

The movement was functionally bi-lingual. Knowledge of Hebrew was promoted for cultural and moral renewal. The optimal integration of the Jews in surrounding societies included the study of native vernacular and adoption of modern values, culture and appearance. All this was combined with respect for economic productivity.

The pamphlet Auto-Emancipation was written in German by Russian-Polish Jewish doctor and activist Leo Pinsker in 1882. It was considered a founding document of modern Jewish nationalism especially Zionism.

Zionism was the movement that espoused the re-establishment of and support for a Jewish state in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel. The pamphlet inspired Christians and Jews throughout Europe to support the establishment of the Jewish State.

The issue addressed the difficulty involved in working for recognition with both minority and majority identity in social status.

Choirmaster Mahalath Leannoth

The choirmaster was given the instruction to deliver the psalm according to Mahalath Leannoth.

The meaning of these words is uncertain. The conjecture is that mahalath is a guitar (lyre). It occurs in other places in the Bible as a wife.

Leannoth has reference to the character of the psalm in a way that may be rendered as 'to humble or afflict.'  The root occurs in ver. 7. Illness is taken as a metaphor for an affliction that 'leans on' the body.

v.7  Your wrath lies hard on me. You have afflicted me with all your waves.

The two words could be taken as a name representing the name of a person as the tone for that expression of sorrow. 

The psalm is a personal lament. It is the only psalm that doesn't explicitly celebrate the experience of having received an answer to the request for help in the past.

Verse 12 suggests that the value for deliverance will be present in the expiation of song for having been delivered.

v. 12 Will your wonders be known in the dark? Will your righteousness be remembered in the land of forgetfulness?

The last verse is reminiscent of the trial of Job.

v. 18  Lover and friend have been put far from me. Mine acquaintance was cast into the darkness.

The psalm was a song of lament from the faithful helper whose hope was in the Author of faith by the promise of salvation. If darkness is darkest before the dawn, the brightest implication for the psalm is the hope for the light of deliverance from affliction.

---------------------

When is the darkest part of the day?
It is darkest before dawn.

Chn.  一天中最黑暗的时间是什么时候?
             Yītiān zhōng zuì hēi'àn de shíjiān shì shénme shíhòu?
             黎明前最黑
             Límíng qián zuì hēi.
Jpn.    その日の最も暗い部分はいつですか?
             Sonohi no mottomo kurai bubun wa itsudesu ka?
            夜明け前に最も暗い。
             Yoake mae ni mottomo kurai.
Krn.    오늘의 가장 어두운 부분은 언제입니까?
             oneul-ui gajang eoduun bubun-eun eonjeibnikka?
             새벽이되기 전에 가장 어둡습니다.
             saebyeog-idoegi jeon-e gajang eodubseubnida.
Ltn.     Quando tenet partem diei consumit;
             Est in conspectu tenebris lucem.
Itln.    Quando è la parte più buia della giornata?
             È più buio prima dell'alba.
Spn.    ¿Cuándo es la parte más oscura del día?
             Es más oscuro antes del amanecer.
Frn.     Quelle est la partie la plus sombre de la journée?
              Il fait plus sombre avant l'aube.
Gmn.   Wann ist der dunkelste Teil des Tages?
               Es ist am dunkelsten vor der Morgendämmerung.
Dtch.    Wanneer is het donkerste deel van de dag?
               Het is het donkerst vóór zonsopgang.
Czch.    Kdy je nejtemnější část dne?
              Je nejtemnější před úsvitem.
Hng.     Mikor van a nap sötétebb része?
              A sötétebb hajnal előtt.
Rmn.   Când este cea mai întunecată parte a zilei?
              Este cel mai întunecat înainte de zori.
Trk.      Günün en karanlık kısmı ne zaman?
              Şafaktan önce en karanlık.
Grk.     Πότε είναι το πιο σκοτεινό μέρος της ημέρας;
             Póte eínai to pio skoteinó méros tis iméras?
             Είναι πιο σκοτεινό πριν την αυγή.
             Eínai pio skoteinó prin tin avgí.
Rsn.    Когда самая темная часть дня?
             Kogda samaya temnaya chast' dnya?
             Это самое темное перед рассветом.
             Eto samoye temnoye pered rassvetom.

When is the darkest part of the day?
"It's darkest before dawn" is what people say.

--------------------

Messenger



Malachi prophesied in Judah after the temple had been rebuilt. His book is the last of the Neviim contained in the Tanakh.

He is canonically the last of the Twelve Minor Prophets. This makes his the last section of the Old Testament in the Christian order for the prophetic books. Malachi is the last book before the New Testament.

The prophets had urged the people of Judah and Israel to see their exile as punishment for failing to uphold their covenant. Their commitment to the one God had began to wane after they had been restored to the land and worship in the Temple.

Animal sacrifice was being phased out of monotheistic worship. The experience of a strong literary emphasis on worship had been observed during the exile when they did not have a temple in which to offer sacrifice.

The literary emphasis instructed people in the value of religious expression (rhetoric) for the law with the emphasis on the agreement between the leadership, the people and God.

The religion still needed elders instructed in the law and the prophets to lead prayer in the consideration of the word. The tribe of Levi was to retain their position as a tribe of priests.

You will know that I have sent this commandment unto you that my covenant might be with Levi, says the Lord of hosts. (Mal.2:4)

Theirs was the covenant for life and peace. These gifts were granted for the fear that showed reverence with faith.

The priest's lips should keep knowledge to speak about the law as the messenger for the covenant. The priests would come to preside over the celebration of the marriage ceremony.

Marriage was a symbol of the covenant. It was a contract that required fidelity for success. It was not to be entered lightly. It was not to be taken as a prelude to divorce for any insufficient reason.

Some argued for divorce from their wives for being Jewish. Others insisted on divorce for foreign birth.

Marriage was that which produced offspring to be raised in the promise of salvation. Children that received instruction in the faith from their youth had an advantage with respect for fidelity in belief over how they might have been at the same age without such.

Different spiritual gifts were for the celebration of religious devotion in the community of faith with support drawn from profit for the production of a service for trade in the world.

A messenger with the gift of prophecy was considered to be specially sanctioned to talk about the relevance of the law for the promise of salvation.

A messenger with the gift of prophecy was considered to be specially sanctioned to talk about the relevance of the law for the promise of salvation.

The gift for such speech had been cultivated in the community of the prophets who studied the scripture with prayer in their tradition.

Speech about the word is cultivated in seminary in affiliation with college in the contemporary world.

The Bible is studied in relation to classical knowledge.

Malachi 3:1-4

See, I am sending my messenger to prepare the way before me. The Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple. The messenger of the covenant in whom you delight is coming, says the LORD of hosts. Who can endure the day of his coming and who can stand when he appears?

He is like a refiner's fire and like fullers' soap. He will sit as a refiner and purifier of silver until they present offerings to the LORD in righteousness. Then the offerings of Judah and Jerusalem wil be pleasing to the LORD as in the days of old and as in former years.

--------------------

The messenger of the covenant will come
for presentation in the temple as a son.

The offerings of Judah and Jerusalem will be pleasant
as the model of reverence for God in the present.

Membership in a tribe is not equivalent to instruction in the law.
Knowledge of the language for the promise of salvation has to be drawn.

===============

Light to the Nations


Isa. 49:6

It is too small a thing for you to be my servant to restore the tribes of Jacob and bring back those of Israel I have kept. I will make you a light for the Gentiles that you may bring my salvation to the ends of the earth.

------------------

Israel was called to operate as a symbol for the nations of the world with respect for faith in the one God. The descendants of Abraham have a genetic component with the Jewish people.

The tribes of Jacob were raised to the kingdom of Israel.

The restoration of Israel was promised in the testimony of Judah. The testimony has been preserved in the Jewish faith. The faith has resulted in the restoration of the state of Israel to the promised land.

The title of the chief religious official of Judaism was Kohen Gadol (High Priest) from the early post-Exilic times until the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.

The high priests were drawn from the Jewish priestly families that trace their paternal line back to Aaron. He was the first 'high priest' of Israel in the Hebrew Bible and elder brother of Moses.

Zadok became the first chief priest for the kingdom of Judah in the establishment of the dynasty with David and Solomon. This tradition came to an end in the 2nd century BCE during the rule of the Hasmoneans. The position was occupied by other priestly families unrelated to Zadok.
 
The sacrifice of Christ was offered on the cross in atonement for sin that the gift of the promise would be extended to those who were not Jewish by birth.

The Christian Church was established as an option to become descendants by the adoption of faith in the One who gave the promise to many nations through Abraham.

Hebrews 2:14-18

Since the children share flesh and blood he himself shared the same things that through death he might destroy the one who has the power of death, the devil, and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by the fear of death. It is clear that he did not come to help angels, but the descendants of Abraham. He had to become like his brothers and sisters in every respect that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in the service of God to make a sacrifice of atonement for the sins of the people. He himself was tested by what he suffered. He is able to help those who are being tested.

--------------------

Those who were held in slavery by the fear of death
were liberated by the Spirit with the holy breath.

He came to fulfill the promise to the descendants of Abraham
with the bloodless sacrifice established by the blood of the Lamb.

This high priest offered the sacrifice of his body
for baptism by the fire of the Spirit with water and hands on the baptizee.

He himself was tested by what he suffered
to help those who are being tested for what they may discover. 

===============

Luke 2:25

John the Baptist was sanctioned for baptism with his celebration of speech about action with faith in the one God in his association with asceticism and his instruction in the law.

Jesus would share the same message without having left the world to live in the wilderness.

Either was considered a messenger, but the presentation in the temple was recounted by Luke in his gospel with respect for the testimony of Simeon and Anna about Jesus as the Christ. 

The gospel of Luke was addressed to a Greco-Roman audience. Simeon, the obedient, was the monotheistic embodiment of Father time in human form. Anna was full of grace as the female form for spiritual devotion.

They were the proto-types for god-parents to welcome the mother back from her post-partum confinement to  purify the infant in front of the community with water, prayer and a hand on the head.

The purification represents another form of conversion from the darkness of separation to the light of re-union.

Luke 2:22-32

When the time came for their purification according to the law of Moses, they brought him up to Jerusalem to bless him in the temple with prayer. It is written in the law, 'Every firstborn male shall be designated as holy to the Lord.'

They offered a sacrifice according to what is stated in the law, 'a pair of turtle-doves or two young pigeons.'

There was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon. This man was righteous and devout. He looked forward to the consolation of Israel. The Holy Spirit rested on him. It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not see death before he had seen the Lord's Messiah.

Simeon came into the temple guided by the Spirit. When the parents brought in the child Jesus to do for him what was customary under the law, Simeon took him in his arms and praised God.

'Master, let your servant depart in peace according to your word.
My eyes have seen your salvation
which you have prepared in the presence of all people,
a light for revelation to the Gentiles
and for glory to your people Israel.'

--------------------

The parents of Jesus took him to Jerusalem for purification
according to the law of Moses to celebrate their station in the nation.
A sacrifice was offered to fulfill their obligation.

Simeon was righteous and devout in his study of the law.
His obedience was a symbol of grace in the acceptable draw.

He and Anna gave testimony as the first god-parents for the Church
that Jesus as Christ was the light for the revelation to the Gentile search.

===============

Purification


Postpartum Confinement
wiki Postpartum Confinement

Postpartum confinement is a traditional practice for recuperation after giving birth to an infant child. This postnatal recuperation lasts for a culturally variable length of time.

It lasts from 30 to 40 days according to one standard. Another runs from between 2 months and 100 days. The story about the presentation of Jesus in the temple identifies the length of recuperation and separation as 40 days.

The woman was defined as impure due to the susceptibility to illness or the communication of disease. There are other physical recovery issues as well that included blood loss from damage caused by delivery after having carried the fetus to term.

The practice is for the health of the mother and the infant. The woman's body needs time to recover from the stress of pregnancy and giving birth. The immune system for the infant needs to build strength close to the body of the mother.

The baby has started to breathe the air and eat food with his or her mouth for the first time. The strength of the immune system is necessary for the independent movement of the child.

The weeks of rest while the mother heals also protect the infant as it adjusts to the world, and both learn to recover from the change in physical states. This recovery includes feeding on milk and baby food.

The period of recuperation unburdens the mother of physically demanding responsibilities and ensures that she gets plenty of rest. This practice is standard for China, Japan, Korea, India and Latin America as well as in Europe, English speaking countries and various diverse locations.

Almost all countries have some form of maternity leave. There are countries that encourage men to take some paternity leave.

Even those that mandate that some of the shared parental leave must be used by the father ("father's quota") acknowledge that the mother needs time off work to recover from the childbirth and deal with the postpartum physiological changes.

The Churching of women is celebrated after the postpartum confinement in Christian tradition. Baby showers or push presents can be given to show support before birth or after the confinement.

Certain 'Birth of Jesus' paintings depict the 'lying in' of Mary as an image that encourages mothers to take the time to rest and recover after birth.

The European custom of recuperation was called 'lying in'. Women were "confined" to their beds of homes during this period that preceded the return to the community.

"Churching" served to mark the end of these weeks of separation and to start the reintegration of the woman into the community as a mother.   

The Churching of Women is the ceremony wherein a blessing is given to the mother after recovery from childbirth. Thanksgiving is offered for the survival of the woman even in cases where the infant did not survive (stillborn or death prior to baptism).

The ceremony contains no elements of ritual purification with animal sacrifice as described in Leviticus. Cleansing in a mikvah or a ritual bath was not required.

A young turtledove or pigeon was to be offered in expiation for sin to the priest at the door of the temple. A lamb was to be brought to be burnt in sacrifice.

Two turtledoves or pigeons could be offered, if a lamb wasn't affordable or available.

This text was of particular interest to Luke in his capacity as a physician. It described the Jewish custom for purification in terms of the mothers' health.

The postpartum confinement was for the purification of "the blood" of the mother. She was to remain separate from the temple and was to touch "no holy thing" until the period of separation had been completed.

Luke added that the offering of sacrifice for sin was for the "first born" son. He then simply stated that the law required a "pair of doves or two young pigeons." He concluded that the parents fulfilled what the law required.

There are symbolic indications that the period represents a return to the primitive state of paradise for the mother and child for the sake of recovery in the return to the normal activities of civilized life.

Passage through the psychological stages of development from animism to polytheism to monotheism were symbolically recounted by not touching any holy thing until the mother, child and father were celebrated as a family in the community with the blessing of prayer.

Presentation
wiki Presentation of Jesus in the Temple

The feast of the Presentation is also known as the "Meeting" in Greek celebration and "Candlemas" in Latin rites.

The date for the celebration of the feast is marked as 40 days after the Nativity on December 25th.

The Gospel of Luke 2:22–39 relates that Mary was purified according to the religious law with the presentation of the baby Jesus in the Jerusalem temple.

The 40 days for purification were stipulated by the book of Leviticus 12:2-8.  This explains how the date for the celebration was determined with respect for the Nativity.

It also preserves the recognition of the Roman respect for the special nature of time. The Nativity was celebrated near the winter solstice to represent the re-birth of the sun. The presentation represents the integration of polytheistic with monotheistic customs regarding the birth of the new year.

Candlemas is another "epiphany" type feast as Jesus is revealed as the messiah by the canticle of Simeon and the prophetess Anna. Elder time for community is represented by Simeon, Anna, the priest, Joseph and Mary.

They are like the Father in the experience of newness with respect for the past. New time is represented by the infant Jesus for the promise of conservative reform.

New technology has to be developed with respect for established forms or the change is too costly.

Purification in the context of the celebration of the Presentation is requested by prayer and answered with grace by faith.


Sunday, January 19, 2020

Order

1.26.20


Rosamund Pike


Order
Thought
订单思想
Dìngdān sīxiǎng
注文思考
Chūmon shikō
ps119.97+
Ordinis thought

The Father spoke the elements with material elation.
The Word put them together in the act of creation.

Logic is drawn from language with the art of reason.
It is the means of expression for the particular season.

What is the name for this season now?
Winter shivers when cold is sensibly endowed.

The art of division separates thought 
from emotions that have nought.

Animals are prompted to action by impulse with instinct.
A person is directed to act by judgement that isn't too instant.

Self-preservation is common to both
but the human entertains production for economic growth.

How I love 
the sight of the dove!

The flight in the light 
represents spiritual delight.

When darkness had threatened the memory of the past
the wings of the dove signaled remembrance of strength that will last.

Water is necessary to drink, cook and clean.
It is essentially good for health and hygiene.

Various arts are devoted to the performance of action
with the order of readiness to display interaction.

Entertainment produces action for a desirable effect
to impress the audience with the desired intent.

Art has procedure established by reason.
Happiness varies with time in the season.

How I love law for constancy and variance.
It is constant against acts that damage in variants.
It allows for variance in empirical experience.

Reason directs action from the lower powers
but it also reflects on itself with respect for the hour.

Logic and grammar form the base for rhetoric.
These are the elements of thought that reverence relevance.

The order of letters identify the word as a unit.
Spelling precedes grammar in language that is human.

The art of production enables the performance of manual acts
in the easiest way that thought can enact.

Reason had reasoned about manual acts
to create a product that expresses consensual craft.

Art is necessary to direct the act of apprehension
so the action can gain traction for production by selection.

Logic is the name for the craft in this art.
The order of thought communicates ideas at least in part. 

The order of nature is a concern in this craft.
It is design that produces duty that isn't just a fast draft cast to last.

Reflection on the commandments made me wiser for what's true 
than I would have been had I not used the law as a cipher for the newly renewed.

That which was savage in the expression of the elements 
had 'made' me act in a way that wasn't civil or relevant.

My enemies work to push me back to that state
that often enough sounded like an expression of hate.

Logic is an art in the science of reason.
It is ordered for meaning in the action needed.

It was a beacon of light 
when darkness darkened sight.



This darkness was rebellion against authority
whether it came from the majority or minority.


The land of Zebulun and Naphtali had fallen into contempt
but from this curse they would ascend.

Each home struggled with the call to unity
in defense of tribal land as part of a larger community.

They had allied with a planned rebellion
that turned the land into a dwelling place for hellions.

Darkness had obscured faith in the Light
as the means by which people came to sight.

The best end was hidden by the brightness.
It could be discerned by diligent forthrightness.

They rejoice before you as with the joy of harvest
but by your faith you will reach the farthest.


Rod of Asclepius

Reason is structured to communicate ideas on design
when these fix agreement like the rod of Asclepius divined.

Logic is the art of arts
that directs production from any start.

The parts of diversity are ordered for unity
to guide the union to organize community.

The first act of reason is the recognition of the unit.
A thing exists as it is and is as illumined. 
Recognition of the unit is like song is to music.

The thing that exists is represented by an idea in the memory.
The representation is a reflection of a fact that is sensory.

The second operation is combination or division.
Truth or falsity are present in the interpretation of the mission
for the admission of what is right about this vision.

Subtraction is the reverse of addition.
Multiplication is the inverse of division.

I have more understanding of knowledge than the vitriol from my haters
because the acts of reason lift me above the insults from those anti-negotiators.

I can move from one thing to another grown
when the unknown becomes known 
by knowledge drawn from other sources shown.

The order for the comprehension of representation
is drawn from the recognition of units in combination.

My study has made me wiser than the experience of my years
because I have observed instruction from God's law extend beyond the fears
and tears drawn from the weird.

I restrain my action from evil
that I may keep my word intact in the legal.

I do not shrink from judgment by reason
because I was taught to judge with reasonable adhesion.

Unity in things essential is more important
than disagreement as the constant content in portent.

Has Christ been divided?
Such a view is misguided.

Is the name of your baptist the main concern for faith?
Baptism is the initiation that helps you to learn to deal with natural pain.

The gospel is the means by which to grow in Christ.
By this our unity is defined as essentially undivided.

Divine energy is sweet to my taste.
It is a product of experiential or literary grace.

I gained understanding from the experience of what is right
by direction from the commandments of God in law with insight.

The struggle to find truth with combination or division
continues with participation in the heavenly vision.

The administration of agriculture was named Galilee.
The corridor of land extended from the smaller to the larger sea.

Like the transcendence of Jacob by Israel
the law of the land was for the unity of the legally real.

The people who toiled in darkness
were shown a great light that would not disarm us.

John had stated, 'Repent for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.'
Jesus declared the same message without asceticism implied by demand.

Peter, Andrew, James and John were fishermen by trade.
They left their nets to become fishers of men by Jesus made.

The Word provides a light for my feet.
Illumination in the dark is what I need
to believe, breath and see what I seek.

There is light enough to avoid snakes
or bad luck from mischief or mistakes.  

I have sworn and am determined 
to keep the rightness of the judgments illumined.

When I am deeply troubled
I ask for help to avoid the trouble doubled. 

The testimony from my lips has been accepted
as willing tribute for what is divine and not neglected.

Responsibility is organized for safety
with security as a measure for the stately.

Traps have been laid for me by the immoral
but I have not been deterred by their quarrel.

The promise of salvation is my inheritance. 
It is my support against conflict, adversity and insensate chance.

I have applied my heart to fulfill the divine statutes
by the application of principles for duty I can use.

I hate it when my mistake does me harm.
I love the rules that keep me armed for charm.

You are the safety that secures my refuge
My hope is in the word that will be used. 

I will not act on the impulse to cause harm
yet I will defend myself from attack that is so armed.

Sustain me with the shelter of your promise
that my hope will remain august and honest.

Hold me in safety with the length and strength of security
and I will delight in what's right in law beyond my maturity.

Consequence results from action in the world.
Deceitfulness adds dissonance to the consequential blur.

Reward for rightness or loss for the wrong
is consequence that judgment can discern to grow strong. 

Those who deny consequence for their action 
lose the sense of true consonance for their faction.

My flesh trembles with fear for salvation.
I fear the loss of benefit for the nation.

The Spirit soars
when love adores.

-----------------------

Psalm 119
Mem
13th letter
Water
Quomodo dilexi!
How I love!

97 Oh, how I love your law!
all the day long it is in my mind.
98 Your commandment has made me wiser than my enemies,
and it is always with me.
99 I have more understanding than all my teachers,
for your decrees are my study.
100 I am wiser than the elders,
because I observe your commandments.
101 I restrain my feet from every evil way,
that I may keep your word.
102 I do not shrink from your judgments,
because you yourself have taught me.
103 How sweet are your words to my taste!
they are sweeter than honey to my mouth.
104 Through your commandments I gain understanding;
therefore I hate every lying way.

Nun
14th letter
Snake
Lucerna pedibus meis
My feet

105 Your word is a lantern to my feet
and a light upon my path.
106 I have sworn and am determined
to keep your righteous judgments.
107 I am deeply troubled;
preserve my life, O Lord, according to your word.
108 Accept, O Lord, the willing tribute of my lips,
and teach me your judgments.
109 My life is always in my hand,
yet I do not forget your law.
110 The wicked have set a trap for me,
but I have not strayed from your commandments.
111 Your decrees are my inheritance for ever;
truly, they are the joy of my heart.
112 I have applied my heart to fulfill your statutes
for ever and to the end.


Samekh
15th letter
Support
Iniquos odio habui
I hate

113 I hate those who have a divided heart,
but your law do I love.
114 You are my refuge and shield;
my hope is in your word.
115 Away from me, you wicked!
I will keep the commandments of my God.
116 Sustain me according to your promise, that I may live,
and let me not be disappointed in my hope.
117 Hold me up, and I shall be safe,
and my delight shall be ever in your statutes.
118 You spurn all who stray from your statutes;
their deceitfulness is in vain.
119 In your sight all the wicked of the earth are but dross;
therefore I love your decrees.
120 My flesh trembles with dread of you;
I am afraid of your judgments.

--------------------
===============
--------------------

Psalm 119
13th, 14th and 15th letters

Mem
Water

Mem is the 13th letter in the Semitic abjads. These include the Hebrew mēm מ, Aramaic Mem, Syriac mīm ܡܡ, Arabic mīm م and Phoenician mēm.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek mu (ج), Etruscan M, Latin M and Cyrillic ج.

It is believed that the Phoenician word for “water”, mem (Phoenician mem.png) is a morphed and simplified Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for water.

Mem, like Kaph, Nun, Pe, and Tzadi, has a final form that is used at the end of words. The shape is changed from מ to ם.

The letter is King over Water, Formed Earth in the Universe, Cold in the Year, and the Belly in the Soul in  the Sefer Yetzirah. The Sefer Yetzirah is the title of the earliest extant book on Jewish mysticism.

Some early commentators treated it as a treatise on mathematical and linguistic theory as opposed to Kabbalah. Yetzirah is more literally translated as "Formation"; the word Briah is used for "Creation".

The letter is associated with The Hanged Man (Atu XII), the element of water and the path between Geburah and Hod on the Tree of Life in Tarot cards.

The card for the Hanged Man shows  an image of a man being hung upside-down by one ankle. This method of hanging was a common punishment at the time for traitors in Italy. The solemn expression on his face suggests that he is there by his own accord.

The card is meant to represent self-sacrifice as opposed to corporal punishment for criminality. It means the person having the cards read can choose to correct himself to avoid the imposition of being corrected by others.

Gevurah is "the essence of judgment and limitation". It corresponds to awe and the element of fire.
Hod is explained as an analogy. One overcomes or submits to an obstacle in oneself instead of "conquering" some thing in one's way (Netzach).

Nun
Snake

Nun is the 14th letter of the Semitic abjads. These include the Phoenician Nūn, Hebrew Nun נ, Aramaic Nun, Syriac Nūn ܢܢ, and Arabic Nūn ن.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek nu (ح), Etruscan N, Latin N, and Cyrillic ح.

Nun is believed to be derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph of a snake. The Hebrew word for snake, nachash begins with a Nun and snake in Aramaic is nun. Nūn means large fish or whale in Arabic.
Naḥs in modern Arabic literally means "bad luck".

A rolled Nun passes play to the next player with no other action in the game of dreidel. A dreidel is a four-sided spinning top used to play the game with the same name during the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.

Each side of the dreidel bears a letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The letters are  נ (nun), ג (gimel), ה (hei) and ש (shin).

These letters are translated in Yiddish to a mnemonic for the rules of a gambling game played with the dreidel. Nun stands for the Yiddish word nisht ("nothing"), Gimel for gants ("all"), Hei for halb ("half") and Shin for shtel ayn ("put in").

Together they represent the Hebrew phrase nes gadol hayah sham ("a great miracle happened there"). The statement refers to the Miracle of the cruse of oil.

The story of the miracle occurred after the liberation of the Temple in Jerusalem during the Maccabean Revolt as described in the Talmud. A  jug of pure oil that was to be enough to light the lamp for one day lasted for eight days.

Samekh
Support

Samekh is the 15th letter in the Semitic abjads. These include the Phoenician sāmek 𐤎‎ ; Hebrew samekh סָמֶךְ and Syriac semkaṯ.

The letter has no continuant in the Arabic alphabet, its numerical value is taken by Arabic Šīn.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek xi (خ).

The archaic "grid" shape of Western Greek xi (Greek Xi archaic grid.svg) was adopted in the early Etruscan alphabet (𐌎 esh), but was never included in the Latin alphabet.

The Phoenician letter may continue a glyph from the Middle Bronze Age alphabets. It is either based on a hieroglyph for a tent peg or a support. It may possibly be the djed "pillar" hieroglyph.

-----------------------

Bring the bull before the entrance of the tent. Aaron and his sons shall lay (samkh) their hands on the head of the bull. (Exo. 29:10)

 -----------------------

The act of laying on hands was used to consecrate a priest for service or an animal for sacrifice in a blood ritual.

The apostles combined the action with prayer for the restoration of good health.

-----------------------

What is the name for this season?
Winter.

Chn.  这个季节叫什么名字?
            Zhטge jלjiי jiאo shיnme mםngzל?
           冬季。
            Dōngjל.
Jpn.    今シーズンの名前は何ですか?
             Kon shīzun no namae wa nanidesu ka?
             冬。
             Fuyu.
Krn.    이번 시즌의 이름은 무엇입니까?
             ibeon sijeun-ui ileum-eun mueos-ibnikka?
             겨울.
             gyeoul.
Ltn.     Quod nomen hoc tempore
             Hiems.
Itln.     Qual ט il nome per questa stagione? Inverno.
Spn.     ¿Cףmo se llama esta temporada? Invierno.
Frn.      Quel est le nom de cette saison? Hiver.
Gmn.    Wie heit die Saison? Winter.
Dtch.     Wat is de naam voor dit seizoen? Winter.
Czch.     Jak se jmenuje tato sezףna? Zimnם.
Hngn.    Mi a neve ennek a szezonnak? Tיli.
Trk.         Bu sezonun adı nedir? Kış.
Grk.        Ποιο είναι το όνομα αυτής της σεζόν; Χειμώνας.
                Poio eםnai to ףnoma aftםs tis sezףn? Cheimףnas.     
Rsn.      Как называется этот сезон? Зима.
               Kak nazyvayetsya etot sezon? Zima.

-------------------

Isaiah 9:2



Map of 12 Tribes of Israel



Zebulun was the sixth son of Jacob and Leah. The name translates as 'home.' It was ascribed to one of the twelve tribes of Israel. It was to become one of the ten lost tribes at the time of Isaiah.

Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes after the conquest of Canaan according to the book ascribed to his name.

Zebulun was allocated the territory at the southern end of the Galilee. The eastern border was the small sea. The western border was the Mediterranean. The south was bordered by the Tribe of Issachar. The north had Asher on the western side and Naphtali on the eastern.

Zebulun is described as sending to the battle those that handle the "sopher shebet" in the ancient Song of Deborah. The "rod of the scribe" was a stylus of wood or metal used to inscribe clay tablets or to write on papyrus. It was depicted in certain Assyrian monuments.

Those who wielded it would have been the associates of lawgivers. The tribe was considered to have a symbiotic relationship with Issachar. Issachar was the tribe that traditionally was seen as having many scholars according to Jewish tradition.

Zebulun financially supported Issachar's devotion to the study and teaching of the Torah in exchange for a share of the spiritual reward from such research. The terms Issachar and Zebulun came to be used by Jews for anyone engaged in such a relationship.

The Revised Standard Version rendered the description in the Song of Deborah of the people sent to battle by Zebulun as "those who handle the marshal's staff". They weren't the scholars. They sent officials as officers.

Naphtali was one of the northernmost of the twelve tribes. The name means "my struggle." Joshua assigned Naphtali the eastern side of the Galilee according to the Bible. This region held the highly fertile plain of Gennesaret. Josephus had called the area the pride of nature.

The tribe produced farmers and fighters. Militarism was celebrated in Naphtali's history.
Ahaz, king of Judah, had appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III, the king of Assyria, for help c. 732 BCE.

Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and Israel. He annexed Aram and a large part of Israel, "including all the land of Naphtali." The people were not allowed to have a king from their tribes.

Chapter 9 in the Book of Isaiah is a continuation of the prophecy started in Ch. 7 and continued in Ch. 8. It is composed of mingled threats and promises. Its characteristic may be said to be "rays of light thrown into the midst of shades."

It promises comfort and deliverance at the same time it denounces the sins of the nation. The anger of the Lord had not been turned away. The previous chapter had closed by describing a time of general calamity and darkness.

This begins Isa 9:1-4 by showing that the calamity would not be so great as in former times. It would be mitigated. There would be light, particularly in the dark regions of Zebulun and Naphtali.

--------------------

Isaiah 9:1-3

There will be no gloom for those who were in anguish. He brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali in the former time, but he will make glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations in the latter time.

The people who lived in a land of deep darkness--
on them light has shined.
You have multiplied the nation.
You have increased its joy.
They rejoice before you
as with joy at the harvest
as people exult when dividing plunder.

--------------------

The land of Zebulun and Naphtali had fallen into contempt
but from this curse they would ascend.

Each home struggled with the call to unity
in defense of tribal land as part of a larger community.

They had allied with a planned rebellion
that turned the land into a dwelling for hellions.

Darkness had obscured faith in the Light
as the means by which people came to sight.

The best end was hidden by the brightness.
It could be discerned by diligent forthrightness.

They rejoice before you as with the joy of harvest
but by your faith you will reach the farthest.

===============

Unity in Faith


Corinth was a classically cosmopolitan Greco-Roman city.

Its location by the sea made it accessible to other cultures. Poseidon was the chief god, but there were temples for Demeter, Octavia, Apollo, Hermes, Isis, Venus-Fortuna and Aphrodite.

The temple of Aphrodite on the Acrocorinth was reputed to have temple prostitution.
Competition for reputation was based on the claim to fame by association with a name.

Ecstatic experience was associated with religion. Too much thought might lead to the consideration of measure. Measure could be used to test for certain claims to fame, but there was always something about a cult that transcended investigation by experiment.

It was the experience of ecstasy that defied and defined Apollonian excess in measured existence.

T.S. Eliot expressed the WWII form of cosmopolitan consciousness in his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.  The excess of measure was reduced to a physical household act when Prufrock declared:

I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;
I know the voices dying with a dying fall
Beneath the music from a farther room.
So how should I presume?

Competition is regarded as a beneficial part of nature insofar as it helps sensory perception focus on key elements in the production of a service. Too much competition however is divisive. It can result in enslavement to 'victory' as a form of idolatry.

The introduction to the first letter to the Corinthians renounced that which is wrong with the claim to authority by association with a name.

The new religious form for monotheism was looking like it would simply transfer the conflict between the gods to that between humans.

The author later referred to a letter that he had written earlier (1 Corinth. 5:9). He had explained that mixture with the immoral could corrupt the resurrected life in Christ.

His advice was, "Don't mix with the immoral." This may have been a major theme in the first letter.

The unity of the faith was to be found in Jesus as Christ. The preservation of the forward movement of society in the monotheistic form was expressed in the symbolic death of false gods in Christ crucified on the cross.

The same problem that had existed before the establishment of the church threatened to manifest in a different guise. Who baptized whom was packaged as the new competition. This also was all too human.

The anthropomorphism of the gods had the societal value for drawing attention to the unique frame for time with respect for the movement of the planets and stars. This uniqueness found expression in the immorality of divine beings.

This was not good insofar as it encouraged vice through stories about violence in aggression or cruelty in punishment.

Paul knew that the message of Christ crucified would not appeal to the wisdom of the world, but he felt that the church had to have a government that was directed toward societal benefit in advancement by faith in the love of God.

He downplayed his own leadership in terms of baptism in order to emphasize the value of the gospel for the Church and the larger society outside the community. The loyalty of believers was directed to the name of Jesus as the Author of salvation for the faith.

1 Corinth. 1:10-17

I appeal to you by the name of our Lord Jesus Christ that all of you should be in agreement. There should be no divisions among you. You should be united in the same mind and the same purpose.

It has been reported to me by Chloe's people that there are quarrels among you. What I mean is that each of you says, "I belong to Paul', 'I belong to Apollos', 'I belong to Cephas' or 'I belong to Christ.'

Has Christ been divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Were you baptized in the name of Paul?
I thank God that I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius. No one can say that you were baptized in my name. (I did baptize the household of Stephanas also. I don't know if I baptized anyone else beyond that.)

Christ did not send me to baptize, but to proclaim the gospel.

--------------------

Unity in things essential was more important
than disagreement as the constant content in portent.

Has Christ been divided?
Such a view is misguided.

Is the name of your baptist the main concern for our faith?
Baptism is the initiation that helps you to learn to deal with natural pain.

The gospel is the means by which to grow in Christ.
By this our unity is defined as essentially undivided.

===============

Upper and Lower Galilee


The area occupied by the tribes of Zebulun and Naphtali would become Lower and Upper Galilee by the time of the Roman occupation.

The fertility of the upper region made the land a symbol for cross-cultural development. The administrative function for Zebulun combined with the struggle to produce food from the land that had to be defended for the production of Naphtali. The union of administration with agricultural labor represented sustenance with the ability to increase production.

The cultivation of the darkness of the earth in the light of day was an expression of promise.

Matt. 4:12-23

When Jesus heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew to Galilee. He left Nazareth and made his home in Capernaum by the lake in the territory of Zebulun and Napthtali, so what had been spoken through the prophet Isaiah might be fulfilled:

'Land of Zebulun, land of Naphtali,
on the road by the sea across the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles--
the people who sat in darkness
have seen a great light.
Light has dawned
for those who sat in the region of shadow and death.'

Jesus began to proclaim from that time, 'Repent for the kingdom of heaven has come near.'

He saw two brothers as he walked by the Sea of Galilee. Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew, his brother, were casting a net into the lake for they were fishermen. He said to them, 'Follow me and I will make you fishers for men.' They left their nets and followed him immediately.

He saw two other brothers as he went from there. James son of Zebedee and his brother John were in the boat with their father Zebedee mending their nets. He called them. They left the boat with their father and followed him.

--------------------

The Land of Zebulun and Naphtali
was a corridor that extended from the sea of Galilee.

Like the transcendence of Jacob by Israel
the law of the land was for the unity of the legally real.

The people who toiled in darkness
were shown a great light that would not disarm us.

John had stated, 'Repent for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.'
Jesus declared the same message without asceticism implied by demand.

Peter, Andrew, James and John were fishermen by trade.
They left their nets to become fishers of men by Jesus made.

===============

Truth



When Thomas Aquinas lived in the 13th century the works of  Aristotle had largely been forgotten in Western Europe.  These works started to become available again partly from Eastern European sources and partly from Muslim Arab sources.

The Muslims in Africa had most likely received translations from the Middle East and passed them into Europe through their occupation of Spain.

These works offered an exciting new way of looking at the world. The logic of Aristotle considered what a number of sources had to say, but unlike the Socrates in Plato's dialogs, he didn't use logic as a means to eliminate explicit agreement.

His dialectic reason offered the expansion of the capacity to look at virtually anything from the first person perspective to develop a philosophy that allowed for metaphysics.

Metaphysics was important in Greek and Roman exposition because it allowed for the relevance of observation by an observer. The focus was not just on the definition of order in nature as something that was outside of the human perspective.

There were  students of Aristotle that adopted him as as an alternative to Christianity. Others used his political philsophy as the means to justify slavery as the means to expand 'civilization.'

Christians who had been influenced by the anti-pagan legislation of Byzantine Romans defined Aristotle and Plato as enemies of the faith.

Thomas Aquinas was an example of the kind who used knowledge of scripture to consider the analysis of Aristotle's classical perspective to criticize the Islamic influence on European culture. It was felt that Islam was an incursion in Europe.

Aquinas was like the Muslims who had translated Aristotle's work in that he undertook to explain Christian ideas and beliefs in language that would make sense to disciples of Aristotle.

Aristotle's analytics were not as restricted to the control of a city state by a king or a despot as was the political philosophy of Plato.

His a posteriori analytics made it into the historical analysis of the history of Rome without explicit reference to his work. A number of patricians were inclined to see him as too imperial for their sense of republic.

This analytical approach was still radical in the time of Aquinas. Given the threat of exclusion or punishment represented by the Inquisition he lived on the edge of ecclesiastical approval.

His success can be measured by the prevalence of the notion that Christian scholars in the Middle Ages informed reason for faith with the work of Aristotle as a scholastic effort.

The insistence of Aquinas that logical argument must be prepared to meet argument from other scholars on their own ground to become familiar with the oppositional view. A logician can argue for his position from their premises. This technique has been a permanent and valuable contribution to Christian thought.   

The socialist position as derived from Marx has expressed the asceticism of the Christian religion as a means to convert the unconverted. The Christian logician can argue that though socialism is anti-religious, it doesn't prove that Christianity is false.

It can be asserted that the popularity of Marx is dependent upon the condemnation of capitalism by the demands of labor as supported by officials in government who are working for their bureaucratic power over the private sector.

The socialist position essentially reduces the existence of management, the middle class, the wealthy and Christianity to things that are in the way of the proletariat. It is a degenerative advocacy in the development of civilized society. It was the replacement ideology for slavery. 

Plato


Thomas Aquinas on Posterior Analytics

Posterior analytics is the study of patterns in analysis that retains consistency with the logical description of reality. It is about the experience of education with reason.

Physics is the study of nature. This study includes the description of forces that change things in the physical world. Change doesn't happen unless it is caused.

This study describes how things would work in nature without the observation of the observer. It is purely physical in terms of mechanical operations of matter and energy in space.

Metaphysics is concerned with first causes and the principles for how things work. It is derived from physics, but it is about that which is greater than the mechanical materialism in purely physical operations.

Free will is the expression of choice that seeks to order the randomness that occurs in the regular course of events to organize a structure that will result in a beneficial outcome.

How is it that we are to work the elements of chance to result in a desired benefit? Can we work to make luck produce good fortune?

Aristotle wrote in his Metaphysics, (980b26), “the human race lives by art and reason." The art of reason distinguishes humankind from other animals. Animals are prompted to action by instinct and impulse. A person is directed to act by judgment with reason.

Various arts are devoted to the ready and orderly performance of human action. An art is a definite and fixed procedure established by choice that produces a desirable effect.

Reason not only directs the action of lower powers, it selects its own direction for action. That which is particular to intellect is the ability to reflect upon itself. Intellect knows itself.

Reason is able to reason about its own operation.

The art of construction or production enables anyone capable to perform manual acts in an easy and orderly manner. This was thought that had reasoned about manual acts.

An art is needed to direct the act of communication, so the act of reasoning might proceed in an orderly and easy manner with the hope of producing a product with a benign purpose.

This art is logic. It is the science for reason with language. Logic is concerned with order for the meaning of expression in the act of organizing thought. Reason concerns itself with its proper matter, the ability to communicate ideas.

It is the art of the arts, because it directs us in order for the acts from which all arts proceed. The parts of logic are to be viewed according to diversity for the order of unity.

There are three acts of reason. The first two belong to the intellect. One action of the mind is the understanding of the unity of a simple thing.

It conceives what a thing is as it exists according to this action. This operation is called representation. Aristotle explained this in his book on Categories.

The second operation of the intellect is combination or division. The true or the false are present in this operation. Aristotle recorded his observations on this in the book entitled On Interpretation.

The third act is concerned with that which is unique to reason. This is the means by which to advance from one thing to another in such a way that through that which is known someone comes to a knowledge of the unknown.

This order for the comprehension of meaning with the structure for reason is considered in the remaining books of logic.

Text: Posterior Analytics I, Thomas Aquinas
Text: Posterior Analytics II, Thomas Aquinas

Brennan


Education has to have a reasonable means to test for comprehension with respect for age and grade level.

It is necessary to build the strength of student memory with instruction that starts with vocabulary and ends with student application in written expression.

Word recognition requires the correct order of letters that is given in the instruction of how to spell. Definition has to be given so the meaning of the word is recognizable.

The memory of definition has to be strengthened with repetition in the context of different contextual sets. There are different word games that allow for this action. Students can break down one word to make different words for review. They can play hangman to guess the spelling for a word based on the number of letters.

Variability in context allows the student to see that choice is an element of reason in the expression with words with the intent to communicate an idea.

Wordsearch facilitates word recognition.  Crossword puzzles, matching and fill in the blank games provide different contexts to strengthen the memory of the definition.

Verbal debates on a topic that includes the words being studied develops skill in verbal expression.
Around the World helps students to move around the room when the definition is remembered correctly.

Certain games lend a sense of order to the composition of tests to assess for retention. Matching the definition with the word can be combined with filling in the blank or multiple choice contests.

Short essays can be used until students have developed the capacity to express argument to defend an opinion.

The science of logic can be developed in an orderly and beneficial way for student achievement.

Is Republic in or with the Monarchy?


Federalist Paper #5

Anne was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland between 8 March 1702 and 1 May 1707. She had been born in the reign of Charles II to his younger brother and heir presumptive, James II.

The House of Stuarts was suspected of Roman Catholicism. Charles had Anne and her older sister Mary raised as Anglicans for this reason.

Mary married William III of Orange. Orange was a province in southern France, but he was also a Stadtholder of Holland. This made him part of the Dutch reform.

The Dutch leadership was more radical than the English or the German monarchy, because they had adopted republic as their form of government.  This made their affiliation with Calvin strong and their opposition to the agreement between Henry VIII and Martin Luther a political cause.

The monarchy was defined as corrupt due to the claim to the divine rights of kings. The divine right was interpreted as an assertion of absolute power.

The marriage of William and Mary saved the monarchy in England, Scotland and Ireland by virtue of William's association with the Dutch reform.

Mary's Anglican position was shifted to allow Calvinism even though they had instigated the Civil War and replaced the monarchy with the commonwealth.

Anne married Prince George of Denmark. He was from the House of Hanover. This made him acceptable to Protestants in Germany, Denmark, England and Scotland. The Danes had an alliance with the French.

The marriage was arranged by Charles II with the hope of joining the parliaments of England and Scotland.

Her father, James II, had appointed Roman Catholics to military and administrative posts in defiance of the Test Acts that prohibited the action. He also tried to persuade Anne to baptize her youngest daughter as a Catholic.

The opposition to Roman Catholicism wasn't sectarian. The papal office had claimed supremacy. The claim would not have aroused much opposition if it were purely titular.

Papal supremacy was claimed prior to the call to the Crusades and the institution of the Inquisition. It also came before the assertion of investiture and the policy of indulgences.

The office of the pope was asserting itself as the emperor in fact or the power that determined the emperor's actions. Henry VIII's concern regarding the royal line of succession was supported by his protest against the sovereignty of the state being divided.

The English Civil War demonstrated that a 'house divided against itself' could not stand. The alliance between the Anglicans and Calvinists was strengthened. Rhetoric against Roman Catholicism as a threat to sovereignty was allowed.

The Calvinists favored control of parliament by the House of Commons. They had used the argument that royalty was corrupt for the civil war and to take control of parliament, but allowed for the restoration of the monarchy with the alliance with the Dutch reform in the marriage of William and Mary. 

William and Mary had no children so Anne was elevated to Queen after William died in 1702.

The Acts of Union were instituted by the parliaments of England (1706) and Scotland (1707) to form Great Britain as a single state.

John Jay made reference to Anne's letter about the union in the 5th Federalist Paper.

His argument as Publius was directed to persuade the public to agree to the union of the states with a Constitution for the national republic as a modern state. Those who were opposed to the national union were inclined to propose a confederacy with 3 or 4 regional governments.

The divisions in the Seleucid empire would only be divided according to geographical convenience according to that historical model. Jay and Madison were favorably disposed to a hybrid between the commercial empire of the Phoenicians and the Roman variation on the same.

The one year term limit for the cursus honorum or course of honor was too rigorous to be regarded as practical given the modern experience of the administration of law by parliament in Europe.

The recommended requirement of education in law was to be more rigorous for election to the Senate. The smaller yet more stately body was to temper the lesser requirements for election to the House of Representatives to guard against the populist inclinations of democracy.

The Calvinists in England had called themselves Puritans because they hoped that the charge that the royalty was corrupt would unify the local councils in parliament for self-determination.

The Calvinists in Scotland identified themselves as Presbyterians because they wanted to emphasize the local church government was run by presbyters or elders. The elders agreed on policy that was given to the parish as theirs as well.

That which was agreed to be the case by the elders was expected to be agreed to by the vote of the congregation. The will of the people was determined by the elders and passed to the people for agreement.

We are best acquainted with the history of Great Britain by the convenience of knowing the English language. The limitation to a single language isn't as beneficial as a multi-lingual capacity, but the history of Great Britain offers a microcosm of European relations with each other through Rome.

Jay offered agreement with the value of empiricism when he asserted that we could profit from the experience of British unity without having to pay as much to find the way independently.

While common sense indicated that the three kingdoms should be united as one, history shows that they were divided for ages. There was a constancy of quarrels that contributed to the report of wars.

Anne was born in England from a Scottish dynasty. When she spoke of her nationality she identified herself as English. It was a choice as well as a condition of birth. When she persuaded Scotland to join the union, she wrote about being joined in affection for protection against the animosities promoted by foreigners as enemies. 

Mutual jealousies were perpetually kept inflamed when the kingdoms were not united. The seperate states were more meddlesome than useful to each other.

Regional nations in America would invite the same kind of difficulties in the conflicts with bordering states and foreign powers.

It could not  be presumed that the same degree of sound policy, prudence and foresight would uniformly be observed by each of these confederacies for a long succession of years.

The argument to retain the confederacy was treated as an argument for the retention of separate confederacies. If the government did not have national security as a chief purpose for union, agreement for a confederate army would not be as strong.

The American government has not as yet legislated approval for a standing military. The existence of military bases on foreign soil is a major justification for the support for that which is supported by the government in practice.

Jay identified the North as the region of strength. The militia that had been raised for the Revolutionary War would come to be raised again for the Civil War. This was due in no small part to the classification of residents as citizens. Males could vote and own property at the time.

Jay would eventually lead the movement in New York to abolish slavery. Voting by former slaves was subject to populist contrivance at local levels. The national government would not recognize the right for African American males to vote until the 15th amendment was ratified in 1870.

He argued that the strength of the northern hive would come to excite the same ideas and sensations in the more southern parts of America which it formerly did in the southern parts of Europe.

He wrote that it would not be a rash conjecture to predict that its young swarms might often be tempted to gather honey in the more blooming fields and milder air of their luxurious and more delicate neighbors.

The harshness of the winter climate was used to anticipate the behavioral tendencies of those who would come to be called the 'carpetbaggers' of the Reconstruction period from the north.

Had these regional trends been left to form in confederacies it would not be reasonable to assume that alliance could have been organized for the combination and union of wills of arms and of resources necessary to put and keep them in a formidable state of defense against foreign enemies.

When did the independent states into which Britain and Spain were formerly divided combine in such alliance to unite their forces against a foreign enemy?

It was the divisions in Spain that allowed for the Muslim incursion. The inquisition was instituted after the Muslim occupation was overthrown as an act of overcompensation.

It was likely that the foreign nation with whom the southern confederacy might be at war would be the one with whom the northern confederacy would be the most desirous of preserving peace and friendship.

An alliance contrary to their immediate interest would not be easy to form. It would be more natural for these confederacies to apprehend danger from one another than from distant nations considering the distance from Europe.

Each of them should be more desirous to guard against the others by the aid of foreign alliances, than to guard against foreign dangers by alliances between themselves. It would be easier to receive foreign fleets into our ports and foreign armies into our country, than it is to persuade or compel them to depart.

Let candid judgment determine whether the division of America into any given number of independent sovereignties would secure us against the hostilities and improper interference of foreign nations.

Calvinism as a religious form was against monarchy in general. Locke made it clear in his treatise on civil government that the parts of the bible that favored monarchy were to be treated as history. The analytical philosophy of Aristotle allowed for the interpretation of the bible with respect for democracy.

The orientation allowed for local prejudice as the determinant force in law. The presumption of prejudice has since come to be used by populist socialism as a means to enforce national prejudice as a correction.

The national prejudice assumes that the majority is at fault for racism, sexism or capitalism. The majority then is overcorrected for the reelection of populists in Congress. These same 'representatives' favor the impeachment of the president on the basis that the office must have won the election by corruption.

The charges of abuse of power and the obstruction of Congress were made for the benefit of the state officials who made the charges. They were not formed with probable cause for investigation. The populists just want to see if the unsubstantiated formation of the charges for impeachment will win the popular vote.

Analytical philosophy also allows for the favorable interpretation of union. Union was described as stronger than division with respect for independence. The weakness of division would invite danger from foreign powers.

The royal family was tolerated in both England and Scotland at the time of the union as Great Britain. Queen Anne had argued for union on the basis that the agreement would provide protection from enemies.

The Acts of Union were enacted in 1707 to form Great Britain in anticipation of the larger union with the Irish kingdom in 1800.

Ireland became a republic with the institution of their constitution in 1937. Brexit presents another challenge to British unity insofar as there those who favor the European union over that of Britain.       
wiki Federalist Paper #5
Text: Federalist Paper #5

Logic
W.O. Quine