Your
Iniquity
恨你的罪孽
Hèn nǐ de zuìniè
あなたの不法行為を憎む
Anata no fuhō kōi o nikumu
ps119.113+
Odite iniquitas tua!
I hate the iniquity I had or might have had.
Divine law refrains from evil and avoids the bad.
Justice is my refuge, shield and sanctity.
The Word is my hope, yield and sanity.
The Church is the body of Christ.
Incarnate leadership is the divine device.
Natural or social influence can sway one's heart.
Keeping the commandments rules my part.
Choose simplicity with respect for foreign influence
for the conservative reform of policy drawn from natural inference.
Sustain me with your promise
that I may live with hope that is honest.
Hold me up to keep me safe.
Your concern extends to redeem the dutiful waif.
Those who strayed from your joyful way
deceived themselves as to what to say.
Success with deceit is like the mineral dross
that disfigures the surface on a value embossed.
Something of worth was shaped to admire
but the intent to deceive discolored the artistic fire.
My flesh trembles with the dread of condemnation.
You are the goodness in organization for the nation.
Agree with God to define your peace.
Good will come that may never cease.
Remember what's right about what you heard and received
to avoid the consequence that strikes like a thief.
The righteous blood that was shed on earth
has to account for redemption in remembrance worked.
Choose simplicity with respect for foreign influence
for the conservative reform of policy drawn from natural inference.
-----------------------
Samekh
Samekh is the fifteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.
The root of the word means to "to lean upon," "to uphold" or "to support." The root is found in the concept of semikhah, the laying of the hands on the sacrificial animal in a blood ritual in the Jewish Temple. A priest is consecrated or a rabbi is ordained in a ceremony with the same name.
Iniquos odio habui
I hate iniquity had
113 I hate those who have a divided heart,
but your law do I love.
114 You are my refuge and shield;
my hope is in your word.
115 Away from me, you wicked!
I will keep the commandments of my God.
116 Sustain me according to your promise, that I may live,
and let me not be disappointed in my hope.
117 Hold me up, and I shall be safe,
and my delight shall be ever in your statutes.
118 You spurn all who stray from your statutes;
their deceitfulness is in vain.
119 In your sight all the wicked of the earth are but dross;
therefore I love your decrees.
120 My flesh trembles with dread of you;
I am afraid of your judgments.
-------------------------
==================
Job 22:21
Agree with God and be at peace.
Good will come to you in this way.
-------------------------
Agree with God to define your peace.
Good will come that may never cease.
==================
Rev. 3:3
Remember what you received and heard. Obey it and repent. If you do not wake up, I will come like a thief. You will not know at what hour I will come to you.
-------------------------
Remember what you heard and received
to avoid the consequence that strikes like a thief.
==================
Matt. 23:34-35
I send you prophets, sages and scribes. Some you will kill and crucify. Some you will flog in your synagogues and pursue from town to town. All the righteous blood shed on earth from that of the righteous Abel to that of Zechariah, son of Barachiah, whom you murdered between the sanctuary and the altar may come upon you.
-------------------------
The righteous blood that was shed on earth
has been for accountability in remembrance worked.
==================
Europe was a serf-based society through the Middle Ages. Serfdom was an Egyptian form for governance and land management. Slavery was not legal.
Most people were serfs. There was some opportunity to move up in the social hierarchy, but there was the risk that someone from the higher class would stop the climb with the imposition of consequence.
The political organization for European society was called the Holy Roman Empire. Agreement to retain all kingdoms in the empire was lost with the reintroduction of slavery as a legal institution.
Luther protested indulgences, but the implication of the protest extended further. The Lutheran and Anglican Reformation was opposed to the reintroduction of slavery to the empire for imperial expansion.
Calvinists supported slavery as a way for poor traders to move up in society by marketing people as property. The Puritans took control of Parliament before the slave trade was tolerated as legal by Great Britain for their colonies.
While the Puritans were English, they had political ties with the Dutch republic and the general movement to replace monarchy with republican government.
Spain had been instrumental in the re-introduction of slavery to Roman government. They had been invaded by Muslims. The Muslims were using slavery in their imperial expansion.
It can be observed that Cyrus, who had been named Christ by Jews and Christians for the release of the Jews from captivity in Babylon, had a strong association with opposition to slavery as supported by the cult of Sin, the moon goddess. She was replacing Marduk at the head of Middle Eastern parthenon of gods and the regents for the young king had an ambitious plan for construction.
Cyrus was the model for Mohammed's government as well. He had organized a sufficient military force at a critical time to ride into the capital of the Babylonian empire to achieve a bloodless coup.
The political association between Cyrus, Christ and Mohammed was the position against slavery. The ministry of Jesus was for the law, against rebellion, against cruelty in punishment and his title as Christ had a long standing opposition to slavery.
The Muslim and Christian empires had regressed to the tolerance of the slave trade and slavery as an institution despite these strong political associations.
The monarchy in Spain had allied with Portugal to expel the invaders. The Spanish monarchy rose in prominence to assume the authority of the emperor within the Roman empire. Spain would go on to colonize South America and parts of Africa.
They extended their trade to Asia by sea. The emperor had written against slavery in his position of king in his Spanish kingdom. His queen did as well, but both the Muslim and Christian realms had re-instated slavery as an imperial imperative against primitive society.
While opposition to slavery was not explicitly expressed as a cause of the Reformation, the issue was related to the protest against indulgences. The slave trade and slavery were a particular form of indulgence.
John Huss embodied a number of principles in events that preceded the Reformation. He was for the translation of the Bible into the language of the people. He was for leadership that promoted the good news of salvation with Jesus as Christ. He was for worship that recognized the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
He was excommunicated for insubordination and executed as a heretic.
Art
John Huss
b. c.1369, Husniec, Kingdom of Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire (Czech Republic)
d. 7.6.1415, Konstanz, Bishopric of Constance, Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
John Huss is the English form for the name Jan Hus. He was about 46 years old when he was executed.
Huss was Bohemian. Bohemia was located in the land occupied by the current Czech republic. The kingdom of Bohemia had attained imperial status by the time he was ordained as a priest. It was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire as a kingdom.
Kingdom of Bohemia
The first decade of the 14th century saw the demise of two long-established indigenous dynasties in eastern Europe. The Magyar line of the Arpads flickered out after more than three centuries in Hungary with the death of Andrew III. Slav rule by the Premyslid family in Bohemia was brought to a more abrupt end by the assassination of Wenceslas III in 1306.
The event ended the ethnic link between the ruling dynasty and the people in each case. Both kingdoms now took their place in the patchwork quilt of medieval European dynasties. Hungarian and Czech nobles insisted upon the right to choose their kings. Tempting alliances were offered to support claims.
The Czechs chose wisely though force proved to be an important factor in the choice. European power had recently shifted to the house of Luxembourg. A count from the house was elected Holy Roman emperor in 1308 as Henry VII.
One of the Czech factions seized its chance. The hand of princess Elizabeth, the sister of the late Wenceslas III, was offered to Henry's son, John of Luxembourg. It was understood that a German imperial army would escort the bridal couple into Prague.
John and Elizabeth married in August 1310. They reached Prague in December. Their joint army of Germans and Bohemians captured the city and evicted a rival claimant to the throne.
The Luxembourg dynasty ruled in Prague for more than a century. Both the city and kingdom enjoyed a period of unprecedented growth under Charles IV, the son of John and Elizabeth. Growth was achieved even though the early years of his reign coincided with the horrors of the Black Death.
Charles was elected German king in 1346. He succeeded his father as king of Bohemia later in the same year. He was crowned emperor in Rome in 1355. The alliance with the Luxembourg dynasty had brought imperial power to Bohemia.
Charles made Prague his imperial city. It was already a prosperous center at the intersection of important trade routes. It benefited more from the emperor's patronage.
Many prominent historic sites in Prague date back to the Golden Age that began with the reign of Charles IV. He was a manager of building projects. He knew how to support the construction of new buildings and infrastructure especially in Prague.
The construction was meaningful and profitable for the kingdom as a whole. He often declared contests or tenders to see who was able to build something quickly. Marketplaces were actively managed. Timing was important.
He founded Charles University in 1348. He built the New Town neighborhood, the Charles Bridge, the initial stages of the St. Vitus Cathedral, the Karlštejn Castle and other things. Prague was upgraded from a diocese to an arch-episcopate.
The Papal Schism
The success of the early Crusades added prestige to the pope as the secular leader of Christendom. Monarchs like those of England, France and the Roman Empire acted as marshals for the pope by leading "their" armies.
This state of affairs culminated in the declaration of papal supremacy as a doctrine. The Unam sanctam was issued in November 1302. Pope Boniface VIII decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff" in the papal bull.
Clement V was elected Pope in 1305. He was French. Clement declined to move to Rome. He remained in France. He moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon in 1309. The seat for the office remained there for the next 67 years.
Southern France had a culture that was independent from the north at that time. Most of the advisers to the King were based in the north. The Kingdom of Arles was still independent. It was officially a part of the Roman Empire.
The literature produced by the troubadours in the Languedoc is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north. The power of the French King in this region was uncontested by the time of the Avignon papacy, but it was not legally bound.
Europe 1378
A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon. All were French. They increasingly fell under the influence of the French crown. Finally, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome on September 13, 1376. He arrived on January 17, 1377, officially ending the Avignon Papacy.
The Avignon Papacy had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged parts of Western Christendom. This reputation can be attributed to the perception of excessive favor for the predominant French influence.
The papal curia's efforts to extend its powers of patronage and increase its revenues by selling indulgences was a controversial policy. Indulgences allowed offenders to buy forgiveness from the church without affecting repairs for offenses to those who were offended. It was a way to increase revenue to build an army to compete for dominance.
The Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope after Pope Gregory XI died in 1378. The cardinals elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves on April 8, 1378.
Urban VI was elected. He had been born with the name Bartolomeo Prignano. He had been elevated as the Archbishop of Bari prior to his election as pope. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious in his reform.
He was prone to violent outbursts of temper. Many of the cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision. The majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni.
They elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year even though Urban was still reigning. Robert took the name Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon. The second election threw the Church into turmoil.
The time to question the authority of the papacy was ripe.
The papacy with the college of cardinals had been modeled on the Roman republic in terms of elected leadership. It differed from republic insofar as the leader was elected for the duration of his life. A line of succession was prevented by the requirement of celibacy in the office. The Roman republic had a one year term limit for the office of consul.
The office of the pope was dedicated to the preservation of Roman culture as a monotheistic expression with respect for Jesus as the Christ.
The papacy with the college of cardinals had been modeled on the Roman republic in terms of elected leadership. It differed from republic insofar as the leader was elected for the duration of his life. The Roman republic had a one year term limit for the office of consul.
The office of the pope was dedicated to the preservation of Roman culture as a monotheistic expression with respect for Jesus as the Christ.
Judaic culture had been characterized by respect for law. The law against murder and the liberation of slaves after 50 years of servitude distinguished Jewish law from the code of Hammurabi. Cruelty in punishment was treated as a normal form of law enforcement.
Roman law was similar insofar as they had manumission. They had liberation by success as a gladiator as a form to attain freedom from slavery as well. Killing in war was part of the competition for leadership in the republic, but there was a law against murder. Table IX forbid putting any unconvicted man to death.
Roman culture started as a republic. Voting had been adopted from the Greeks as a way to elect leaders, but monarchy with hereditary succession was not regarded as an acceptable form of executive authority. This was where the Roman and Judaic hierarchies differed.
Debate was a method for presenting argument that represented the best interest for the people. There were two consuls who had to work out a position that represented the Patricians in the Senate. The consuls represented the end of the ascent in the line of offices for the Roman republic.
Rome had provisionally formed their alliance with the Maccabees based on the agreement between Roman and Judaic law. Eventually, the knowledge that the Maccabees had allied with Rome to overthrow Seleucid leadership was used to replace the Hasmonean dynasty with the Herodians.
The Herodian dynasty would eventually be eliminated to favor elected leadership in the newly established province of Syria Palestine. The city of Jerusalem was destroyed as the final emblem of Judean monarchy.
The republic became an empire when Julius Caesar laid claim to his property in Rome by marching his army over the Rubicon river. This act allowed him to take the title of dictator as a representative for the Populares.
Sulla was with the Optimates. He had been the first to declare himself dictator in Rome. The title had an association with the threat of execution for disagreement as a means to discourage rebellion. The story about cruelty in punishment was released to the public to frighten people into a state of submission. There was also an implication for the subversive use of tax money in the promotion of insurrection against foreign influences.
Caesar operated with respect for establishing hereditary succession as a part of his executive leadership. His assassination looked like a predicted event that would help to achieve the desired end.
The Optimates had declared him a tyrant. The institution of his hereditary succession was viewed as a violation of the Republic. Octavian became the next emperor anyway. The position for the emperor was developed from the title of dictator in Roman government.
Sicarii
The Sicarii were assassins that were used to infiltrate and undermine Jewish law by Rome. Josephus mentions the appearance of the Sicarii as a new phenomenon during the procuratorships of Felix (52–60) in The War of the Hebrews (2:254–7).
The assassins played on the desire for independence as a ploy. Their advocacy proposed that rebellion was the way to attain independence as a kingdom. Rebellion proved to be the justification for the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, the son of Vespasian in 70 CE.
Odoacer
Rome fell to Odoacer, the leader of an east German tribe known as the Scirii in 476. Traditional Romans blamed the fall of Rome on the monotheism of the Christians.
Augustine had written the "City of God" as a defense of Christianity against the same charge after Alaric and the Visigoths had invaded in 410. Rome would have fallen to the invaders irrespective of the Christian religion. Christians were moral in the support of civil authority. The idea of a 'just war' was most likely posited to support a standing army for defense.
Scirii
The Scirii were a Germanic tribe from Eastern Europe. Their existence was affirmed in historical works between the 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE. If the Scirii were hired as Sicarii, then returned to eastern Europe after the failed rebellion, it could be argued that Rome fell victim to their own subversive design.
Gregory the Great
Gregory became the first monastic pope of Rome in 590 CE. He became the political leader of Rome with his organizational skill.
Papal supremacy was claimed to establish administrative authority over secular brutality. It was part of the transition from a polytheistic society. When the pope had appealed to the patriarch of Constantinople for help in defense against invasion, the appeal was not answered.
The pope became a secular leader over the Roman Christian state. The Vatican became a city state in its own right. Only those who agreed with the change fell under their authority at first.
The extension of the claim to supremacy in practice was limited to negotiation with princes and kings, but it came to acquire a claim over other churches, including the Byzantine Church. The pope was not first among equals as had been the precedent for ecclesiastical leadership. He became the universal ruler of Church affairs. He would come to claim power over all the churches.
This claim to authority came to gain an extension over the decisions in monarchy. The Crusades were initiated by the pope. The Inquisition was conducted for the pope. Cruelty in punishment became a device of the church. War became an instrument for claiming authority over people for the church.
The Church that Jesus had established by faith in love without the promotion of violence or cruelty had been turned upside down.
Taking money from those convicted of crime and those conquered in war was regarded as 'legal' for the formation of private armies. These were sanctioned ways of raising revenue in addition to taxation. Taxes were collected by the army for the rule of the Patrician class.
Those who conceded to the claim of supremacy agreed not to protest torture or killing in the name of the “Lord.” They were allowed to organize in order to compete for dominance. Whoever was still standing when the dust cleared was declared victor. History was being written by the victors. Papal supremacy made this a social as well as a political concession.
While Byzantium had prohibited the death penalty, the church with papal supremacy opened the door to increasing power with wealth taken by the “sacrifice” of respect for the law against murder. A bishop or a prince could find a competitor guilty of heresy if it was convenient to the accumulation of wealth or territory for power.
The death penalty was applied to condemn the error. Trial before a judge was based on witness testimony. The witness testimony was not substantiated with physical proof. It was in breach of due process. The murder by conviction of crime was convenient to the elimination of opposition.
These concerns were historical. This was the time when criticism of the office of pope itself was started as an antecedent to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
John Huss
John Huss was born to peasant parents in Husinec, Bohemia, c. 1369. Husinec or "Goosetown" is in the south of today's Czech Republic. He shortened his name to Hus or "Goose" in his twenties.
His friends delighted in making puns on his name. It was a tradition that was continued even with Luther. The Protestant reformer reminded his followers of the "goose" who had been "cooked" for defying the pope.
He traveled to Prague at an early age. He supported himself by singing and serving in Churches. His conduct was positive. His commitment to his studies was remarkable.
Huss earned the degree of Bachelor of Arts at the University of Prague in 1393. He earned his master's degree in 1396. He was ordained as a priest in 1400.
He began preaching inside the city. He called for the reformation of the Church in 1402. He served as rector of the University of Prague in 1402–03. He was appointed a preacher at the newly built Bethlehem Chapel around the same time.
He was influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe. He translated Trialogus into Czech. He helped to distribute the translation even though Church authorities banned many of Wycliffe’s works in 1403. Huss is considered the first Church reformer after John Wycliffe insofar as he came before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli.
This made him a key predecessor to Protestantism. His teaching had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe. There was the approval of reform in Bohemia. There was the influence on Martin Luther more than a century later.
The University of Prague was already split between Czechs and Germans. Wycliffe's teachings only divided them more. Early debates hinged on fine points of philosophy. The Czechs were realists with Wycliffe. The Germans were nominalists.
The Czechs warmed up to the idea of reform. They had no intention of altering traditional doctrines, but they wanted to place more emphasis on the Bible, expand the authority of church councils, lessen that of the pope and promote the moral reform of clergy.
Huss was a strong advocate for the Czechs and the Realists. It is from realism that he drew his teaching on the eucharist. He taught impanation. The body and blood of Jesus Christ are embodied in the elements without change in the material substance. The elements are still bread and wine.
Impanation
It is the meaning of their consumption with the words of institution that affects communion in the celebration of thanksgiving in the eucharist. Take eat. This is my body broken for you for forgiveness. Take drink. This is my blood offered to you for redemption.
Transubstantiation
The teaching is contrasted with consubstantiation and transubstantiation. Consubstantiation was taught by Lutherans. The body and blood coexist with the bread and wine. Transubstantiation is taught by the Roman Catholic Church to promote belief in the real presence of Christ. It is believed that the elements are transformed into the body and blood.
European politics complicated the dispute between the realists and nominalists. Two popes vied to rule all of Christendom. A church council was called at Pisa in 1409 to settle the matter. It deposed both popes and elected Alexander V as the legitimate pontiff. The other popes repudiated this election and continued to rule their factions.
Alexander was soon "persuaded" or bribed to side with the Bohemian church authorities who were against Huss. He was excommunicated and forbidden to preach on paper. The local Bohemians backed him. He continued to preach and minister at Bethlehem Chapel.
The antipope John XXIII was Alexander V's successor. This John is not to be confused with the modern pope by the same name. He authorized the selling of indulgences to raise funds for his crusade against one of his rivals. Huss was scandalized.
He was horrified at the idea of selling political favor to finance a war between two claimants to the title "Servant of the Servants of God." He said so. The pope was acting in mere self-interest. The pope's moral authority could not be justified. Huss leaned even more heavily on the bible. He proclaimed the Bible as the final authority for the church.
He further argued that the Czech people were being exploited by the pope's indulgences. This was read as a not-so-veiled attack on the Bohemian king who had a stake in alliance with the papal office.
Huss lost the support of his king. His excommunication was now revived. An interdict was put upon the city of Prague. No citizen could receive Communion or be buried on church grounds as long as Huss continued his ministry with them. He withdrew to the countryside toward the end of 1412 to spare the city.
He spent the next two years in feverish literary activity. He composed a number of treatises. The most important was “The Church,” which he sent to Prague to be read publicly. He argued that Christ alone is head of the church. A pope can make many mistakes "through ignorance and love of money.” To argue against an erring pope was to obey Christ.
The custom of restricting the chalice to the celebrant alone at the celebration of the Lord's Supper had arisen. The consecrated bread was distributed to all Christians in the form of a wafer of unleavened bread. Huss denounced this restriction as contrary to Holy Scripture and the ancient tradition of the Church.
He also held that Church officials ought to exercise spiritual powers only. He opposed their claim as earthly governors. His archbishop excommunicated him in 1412 for insubordination. Heresy was not used to justify the severance.
The Council of Constance was assembled in November 1414. Huss was urged by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the son of Charles IV, to come and give an account of his doctrine. The Emperor guaranteed his personal safety even if found guilty.
The council also promised to provide significant church reforms. He was immediately arrested when he arrived, however. He remained imprisoned for months. He was eventually hauled before authorities in chains.
He was tried and ordered to recant certain heretical doctrines. He replied that he had never held or taught the doctrine in question. Grandstanding with straw man accusations was part of the appeal to the uneducated public.
Huss was willing to declare the doctrines false, but not willing to declare on oath that he had once taught them. The one point on which he could be said to have a doctrinal difference with the Council was that he taught that the office of the pope did not exist by Divine command.
He argued that the office was established by the Church that things might be done in an orderly fashion. This was a view that he shared with Thomas More. The Council had just narrowly succeeded in uniting Western Christendom under a single pope after years of chaos. They were not about to have their work undone.
When he saw that he wasn't to be given a fair hearing, he finally said, "I appeal to Jesus Christ, the only judge who is almighty and completely just. In his hands I plead my cause, not on the basis of false witnesses and erring councils, but on truth and justice."
His appeal to Jesus was significant insofar as the legal status for the church as the religion for the empire with the pope in a position of supremacy had resulted in a transformation of belief to faith in an imperial Christ who sanctified indulgences for raising armies for war and the imposition of the death penalty.
He was taken to his cell. Many pleaded with him to recant. He was taken to the cathedral, dressed in his priestly garments, then stripped of them one by one on July 6, 1415. He refused one last chance to recant.
He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist and other theological topics. He was heard reciting the psalms as he burned.
----------------------------
The followers of his religious teaching, known as Hussites, rebelled against their Roman Catholic rulers after the execution. The Hussites defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars.
As many as 90% of inhabitants of the Czech lands were non-Catholic a century later. Some still follow the teachings of Huss and his successors. The Moravian Church claims descent from his instruction.
A pact was signed by which the Church in Bohemia was authorized to administer the Chalice as well as the Host to all communicants in 1436. The followers of John Huss and his fellow martyr Jerome of Prague became known as the Czech Brethren and later as the Moravians.
The Moravian Church survives to this day. It has had a considerable influence on the Lutheran movement. When Luther suddenly became famous after the publication of his 95 Theses, cartoons and graffiti began to appear implying that Luther was the spiritual heir of John Huss.
When Luther encountered the Pope's representative Johannes Eck, in a crucial debate, Eck sidestepped the questions of indulgences and justification by faith. He asked Luther whether the Church had been right to condemn Huss. When Luther said that he had been unjustly condemned, the whole question of the authority of Popes and Councils was raised.
Embodied
What happens in the celebration of the Eucharist?
Impanation- embodied in the bread and wine
Consubstantiation - along with the elements
Transubstantiation - into the body and blood of Jesus the Christ
---------------------------
The Moravian Church
This Church community is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in the world. The heritage dates back to the Bohemian Reformation in the fifteenth century.
The name by which the Church is commonly known comes from the original exiles who fled to Saxony in 1722 from Moravia to escape religious persecution. This region today is part of the Czech Republic.
The modern Unitas Fratrum has about 750,000 members worldwide. It continues to draw on traditions established during the eighteenth century. The success of the mission work is reflected in their broad global distribution. The Church places a high value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions and music.
The Hussite Movement
Huss had objected to a number of the practices of the Catholic Church. He wanted the liturgy to be celebrated in Czech and lay people to receive communion in both kinds (bread and wine). He insisted that priests should be allowed to marry. He wanted to eliminate indulgences and the idea of Purgatory
There was not a single town without a Protestant school in the Bohemia crown lands by the middle of the 16th century . Many had more than one, mostly with two to six teachers each. There were five major schools in Jihlava, a principal Protestant center in Moravia: two German, one Czech, one for girls and one that taught Latin.
John Huss
S. 简·胡斯
T. 簡·胡斯
简 Jian to choose 簡 kan simplicity Jon じょん ジョン Jon 존 zone
胡 Hu why 胡 u foreign Ha は ハ Hu 후 after
斯 si this 斯 shi this su す ス seu 스 switch
-------------------------
Choose simplicity with respect for foreign influence
for the conservative reform of policy drawn from natural inference.
==================
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus
http://www.satucket.com/lectionary/jan_hus.htm
