Don't
Worry
别担心
Bié dānxīn
心配しないで
Shinpaishinaide
ps37
Nolite ergo solliciti esse
Do not worry when you lose.
The loss is a marker for how to choose.
The confidence that you can win is important to begin.
Adjustment to conditions is a variant form to avoid loss to sin.
Remember the skill that was used to beat what you had.
See capacity as the benefit in relation to other contests in the dyad.
Build your skill with drills that aspire to better performance.
Develop what you can. The results will be enormous.
The memory of the opposition will wither like grass.
Like the green of the plant the sense of loss will fade and pass.
Trust in your Leadership and do your best.
Enjoy the privilege of reasonable tests.
Own your responsibility.
It will enhance your ability.
Delight in what was given by Providence.
You are a valued member in the larger populace.
Establish a goal that you can achieve.
Challenge yourself to actually believe.
Commit to your goal to make it succeed.
Cultivated land produces a surplus of grain.
Storage makes the product last beyond drought or hunger pain.
Substance defines a unit as unique as a grain of wheat.
Quantity allows equitability to repeat.
Your honor in nobility will be made as clear as light.
Loyalty to royalty is a state that steers your mind.
Be still.
Watch your will.
Listen for the power of faith.
Wait for the feeling that you can be great.
Watch to see what moves your body.
Move with that which seeks to embody
goodness as a vocation, not just a hobby.
Don't measure yourself against those who prosper.
The prosperous have moved into what they have to offer.
Don't feel jealous of those who profit from fraud.
They did not prosper in a way that deserves applause.
They are liable for the harm caused by their theft.
Liability hinders the ability to achieve that which is best.
The detriment will consume the place where they dwell.
Their will to succeed will suffer more as well.
Pray for the abused and the abuser.
Redemption for prevention is the prime mover.
Refrain from anger aimed at destruction.
Keep your eye on the prize to build your production.
Organize for economy as the efficiency clause.
There is so much to manage. Don't damage your cause.
Enslavement to fraudulent success is a loss in itself.
Achievement must be governed by self-regulation to excel or do well.
Those who own responsibility with action will manage their land.
Violent aggression will be transcended with a productive hand.
The energy of anger will be redirected to reconstructing yourself.
Shaping the body anticipates action for improving where you dwell.
Nature has a law to govern it.
Speech is allowed to utter this.
The physical comes first.
Then the spiritual is nursed.
The gospel has a beautiful reach into history.
Good news has become less of a mystery.
The mystery of beauty was hidden in the bells of the wisteria.
Happiness bloomed with unusual radiance and no hysterical eutheria.
No one ought to cause damage to the health or property of another.
Wishing harm precedes damage unless the wish is replaced by something other.
Oppugners oppose with attack
the sense of reason in the polity which they lack.
He who knows that he has only particular ideas in thought
has ruled out the general along with the absolute as reason wrought.
Why won't you listen
when I call for assistance?
Will you retain silence
when I cry 'Violence'?
Destruction has passed into history with observation
Strife and contention have taken place in the world situation.
If you had the faith the size of the smallest of seeds
you could say 'Be moved' and that which had been unmoved would agree.
I worship God with a clear conscience
in accord with what's right in ancestral congress.
I am grateful for you when I remember the tears
you shed for me in the expression of fear.
Grace was given to us before the ages began.
Christ Jesus brought immortality to light as part of the plan.
The teacher of good news was appointed to relieve the suffering of man.
The experience of receiving direction from the living voice
is good for application in giving instruction by invitational choice.
Determination in the search for logical forms for improvement
makes logic the immaterial form for the selection of behavior in student movement.
Do not feel ashamed of your testimony for our Savior or me.
I am not abashed by the one with whom I have found behavioral integrity.
Guard the good treasure entrusted to you
with the help of the Spirit that lives for truth.
Civil government in the world is not the product of force with violence.
It is achieved in opposition to the disorder of sedition for the sound of silence.
Good health sustains the body with happiness.
The utility of this is for legislation against ghastliness.
Pleasure sparks endorphins to release excess energy.
The release is natural for the organization of the sensory.
Liberty had been a cry for deliverance from the tyranny of political rulers.
It is now a facet of reform that allows for defense from attack by alien intruders.
Individualism in rebellious form is not true morality.
It regresses to the practice of official benefit against community vitality.
The management of labor for production with private property
employs those who might otherwise have been unemployed and living in poverty.
Management is a principle of knowledge
that can be applied for organization after college.
Principle can be applied in organization
for government, business, society or household station.
The market is the measure for service to the public.
Supply is built for sales to meet the convenience need has structured.
The market is a measure
for pleasure to treasure.
The ownership of responsibility
is applicable to each at any level of ability.
Logic had held a central place in the Latin trivium
but it fell as though it were a form of delirium.
Reason does not always carry the right degree of certainty.
Addition or subtraction allow adjustment for maturity
in surety.
Logic and metaphysics suppose existence for abstraction.
Abstraction is framed as a quality for attention's attraction.
Debate with logic for reason examines goodness
to grasp the stem of the plant at the base for sureness.
Days are numbered to count.
The numbers on a scale give an amount.
Division allows equal portions to account.
Calculation helps the administrative fount.
The report of good news is a form of recognition.
Offering a good report for trade connotes negotiation.
Prediction is a kind of pre-cognition
that can anticipate a desirable condition.
Personal existence plus my circumstance equals me.
I am my experience with the addition of that which I will see.
There is sin that is not mortal.
This is the area where liberty is the portal
for the negotiation between the moral and the immortal
for the elimination or reduction of the immoral.
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Psalm 37
Part I Noli æmulari
Do not fret
1 Do not fret yourself because of evildoers;
do not be jealous of those who do wrong.
2 For they shall soon wither like the grass,
and like the green grass fade away.
3 Put your trust in the Lord and do good;
dwell in the land and feed on its riches.
4 Take delight in the Lord,
and he shall give you your heart's desire.
5 Commit your way to the Lord and put your trust in him,
and he will bring it to pass.
6 He will make your righteousness as clear as the light
and your just dealing as the noonday.
7 Be still before the Lord
and wait patiently for him.
8 Do not fret yourself over the one who prospers,
the one who succeeds in evil schemes.
9 Refrain from anger, leave rage alone;
do not fret yourself; it leads only to evil.
10 For evildoers shall be cut off,
but those who wait upon the Lord shall possess the land.
11 In a little while the wicked shall be no more;
you shall search out their place, but they will not be there.
12 But the lowly shall possess the land;
they will delight in abundance of peace.
13 The wicked plot against the righteous
and gnash at them with their teeth.
14 The Lord laughs at the wicked,
because he sees that their day will come.
15 The wicked draw their sword and bend their bow
to strike down the poor and needy,
to slaughter those who are upright in their ways.
16 Their sword shall go through their own heart,
and their bow shall be broken.
17 The little that the righteous has
is better than great riches of the wicked.
18 For the power of the wicked shall be broken,
but the Lord upholds the righteous.
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Habakkuk 1:1-3
O LORD, how long shall I cry for help
and you will not listen?
Or cry to you 'Violence!"
and you will not save?
Why do you make me see wrongdoing
and look at trouble?
Destruction and violence are before me.
Strife and contention arise.
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Why won't you listen
when I call for assistance?
Will you retain silence
when I cry 'Violence'?
Destruction has passed into history with observation
Strife and contention have taken place in the world situation.
=================
2 Timonty 1:1-14
I worship God with a clear conscience as my ancestors did. I am grateful for you when I remember the tears you shed for me. You are remembered night and day in my prayers. I long to see you so I may be filled with joy.
I am reminded of your sincere faith, a faith that lived first in your grandmother Lois, your mother Eunice and now, I am sure, lives in you. I remind you to rekindle the gift of God that is within you through the laying on of my hands for this reason. We were not given a spirit of cowardice, but rather a spirit of power, love and self-discipline.
Do not be ashamed of the testimony about our Lord or of me. Join with me in suffering for the gospel. Rely on the power of the one who saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace.
This grace was given to us before the ages began. It has been revealed through the appearing of our Savior Jesus Christ. He abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel. I was appointed a herald, an apostle and a teacher for this good news. I suffer as I do for this reason.
I am not ashamed. I know the one in whom I have put my trust. I am sure that he is able to guard until that day what I have entrusted to him. Hold to the standard of sound teaching in the faith that you have heard from me with the love that is in Christ Jesus. Guard the good treasure entrusted to you with the help of the Holy Spirit living in us.
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I worship God with a clear conscience
as a form of ancestral conference.
I am grateful for you when I remember the tears
you shed for me in the expression of your fear.
Grace was given to us before the ages began.
Christ Jesus brought immortality to light as part of the plan.
The teacher of good news was appointed to relieve the suffering of man.
Do not feel ashamed of your testimony for our Savior or me.
I am not abashed by the one in whom I have found behavioral integrity.
Guard the good treasure entrusted to you
with the help the Spirit that lives for truth.
=================
Luke 17:5-6
The apostles said to the Lord, 'Increase our faith!' The Lord replied, 'If you had faith the size of a mustard seed, you could say to this mulberry tree, "Be uprooted and planted in the sea" and it would obey you.
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If you had the faith the size of the smallest of seeds
you could say 'Be moved' and that which had been unmoved would agree.
=================
The Sum of All Gains
Richard Hooker was a priest in the Church of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He was influential as a theologian. He was one of the most important theologians of the 16th century.
He defended the role of redeemed reason. This theological method combined the claims of revelation and reason with tradition.
He has been regarded as the originator of the Anglican via media between Protestantism and Catholicism. He was opposed to the extreme rejection of tradition that had been developed with Catholicism. The Puritans argued to reject the sacraments as Roman corruptions.
Hooker's best known work has the title Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie. The first 4 books were published in 1594. The 5th came out in 1597.
The work is a careful reply to the general principles of Puritanism as found in The Admonition and Thomas Cartwright's follow-up.
These works presented 5 major points:
Scripture is the rule that should govern human affairs.
Scripture prescribes the form for Church government.
The English Church is corrupted by Roman Catholic orders, rites, etc.
The law is corrupt for not allowing lay elders
There should not be bishops.
Of the Lawes deals mainly with the proper government of church polity. The Puritans rejected the episcopacy and advocated for the demotion of clergy in ecclesiastical governance. They were in agreement with John Calvin about the limitation of government to local church councils.
Hooker attempted to work out which methods of organizing churches are best. The position of the Queen Elizabeth I as the Supreme Governor of the Church was at stake.
The elements of the religious settlement negotiated at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth Tudor (reigned 1558-1603), were the 1559 Prayer Book; the liturgy; the Supremacy Oath, appropriate solemnities to the clergy, independence from papal authority; and the Queen's Injunctions for the administration of church affairs.
The clerical convocation produced the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion four years later. The Articles received royal assent in 1571. They were clothed with enforcement procedures by convocation and parliament. Doctrinal boundaries were set for those who shouldered official teaching and disciplinary responsibilities in the church.
The settlement introduced teaching emphasized by continental Reformers. It modified other important aspects of the life of a church that had existed in Britain for more than a thousand years.
The traditional Catholic form of ordained ministry with bishops, priests and deacons was retained along with the ecclesiastical sub-divisions.
Royal supremacy maintained independence from Rome. The bible was translated into English. The Prayer Book was composed. The episcopacy was kept intact. The Thirty Nine Articles were documented as a statement regarding position.
The English bible and independence from Rome were standards for the Church. Other matters were allowed local variation.
Richard Hooker
(1554-1600)
Text
"This is the sum of all the gains which the tedious contentions of so many years have brought in, by the ruin of Christ’s kingdom, the increase of Satan’s, partly in superstition and partly in impiety...Which moved the religious heart of this learned writer, in zeal of God’s truth, and in compassion to his church, the mother of us all, which gave us both the first breath of spiritual life, and from her breasts hath fed us unto this whatsoever measure of growth we have in Christ, to stand up and take upon him a general defence both of herself, and of her established laws; and by force of demonstration, so far as the nature of the present matter could bear, to make known to the world and these oppugners of her, that all those bitter accusations laid to her charge, are not the faults of her laws and orders, but either their own mistakes in the misunderstanding, or the abuses of men in the ill execution of them."
polity- a political entity
oppugners- opposed with attack
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Oppugners oppose with attack
the sense of reason in polity which they lack.
=================
The effort to persuade the Puritans that the Church of England was not corrupt fell on deaf ears. Calvinism rejected monarchy as inherently corrupt. The monarch was the head of the English Church.
The Reformed Protestants were aggressively taking arms throughout Europe and in Great Britain. Musket rifles were a new technology. The technology was used politically to demand rule by local councils. The English Bible wasn't rejected, but the Prayer Book, Royal Supremacy and the episcopacy were.
Calvinist ideas were used to create civil war. The right to overthrow the government would be declared as a founding principle for liberal action by the Whigs as the party for the Puritans.
Thomas Hobbes argued that reason was a necessary function in government. Insofar as it was a fallible process, debate, trial and error were means by which reasons were to be tested for rightness.
This was part of the parliamentary process. It was also a part of working together as citizens in the land. An arbitrator or judge was to form a judgment on an argument should a dispute reach his court of law.
Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679)
Text
"And as in Arithmetique, unpractised men must, and Professors themselves may often erre, and cast up false; so also in any other subject of Reasoning, the ablest, most attentive, and most practised men, may deceive themselves, and inferre false Conclusions; Not but that Reason it selfe is always Right Reason, as well as Arithmetique is a certain and infallible art: But no one mans Reason, nor the Reason of any one number of men, makes the certaintie; no more than an account is therefore well cast up, because a great many men have unanimously approved it."
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Reason does not always carry the right degree of certainty.
Addition or subtraction allow adjustment for maturity
in surety.
=================
The commentary on addition and subtraction in reason is significant with respect for the scripture. The following was recorded as prophecy in the second law.
Deut. 12:32
Everything that I command you, you shall be careful to do. You shall not add to it or take from it.
The religious settlement had made a point of amendment for improvement in the rule for law. Tradition in the Church of England used citations from the bible to justify the claim to royal supremacy, the translation of the scripture into English, the compilation of translated prayers into the Book of Common Prayer, the episcopacy and the recognition of scripture as a rule for reason.
The claim to papal supremacy was subtracted. Latin was not retained as the language for the Church or academic study. These changes were made under the premise that additions or subtractions would work best in the operation of relations within the polity.
This would not have been acceptable if tradition were to be strictly interpreted as the command of God.
Arithmetic was significant to reason in negotiation as well. Building consensus between conflicting bodies requires judgment in reason in order to use debate or discussion to resolve disputes.
Loyalty to the larger body is an element in making such decisions. Said loyalty has to defer to the interest of the largest body whenever it is in the best interests of the state to do so. Costly expenditure on factional representation had to be avoided to limit taxation.
The legislative assembly is the largest body in government, but it does not have the right to claim authority over the chief elected executive unless there is a legal need for it.
There has to be probable cause for the investigation of the charge of a criminal wrong. Winning the next election is not probable cause to start an investigation for impeachment.
Were it not for the liberal bent to overthrow the government based on popular sentiment, legislated law would have stipulated that insurrection, terrorism and sectarian conflict were not protected by freedom of religion.
Locke's argument against monarchy was dependent upon the assertion that it claimed absolute power over people. King James argued for the true law of free monarchy.
The distinction between the two arguments defies overstatement. The freedom of the monarch was not defined as an arbitrary condition. It was dependent upon truth in law.
Locke argued that Adam did not have absolute power over his children or the world by natural right of fatherhood or divine donation. If he had, his heirs had no right to it.
If his heirs had, then there was no certain determination for the right to succession by the law of nature. There is no way to determine a resolution to conflicting claims to the right to inheritance of the throne.
John Locke (1632-1704)
Two Treatises on Civil Government (1689)
Text
"All these premises having, as I think, been clearly made out, it is impossible that the rulers now on earth should make any benefit, or derive any the least shadow of authority from that, which is held to be the fountain of all power, Adam’s private dominion and paternal jurisdiction; so that he that will not give just occasion to think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts, where the strongest carries it, and so lay a foundation for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition and rebellion, (things that the followers of that hypothesis so loudly cry out against) must of necessity find out another rise of government, another original of political power, and another way of designing and knowing the persons that have it, than what Sir Robert Filmer hath taught us."
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Civil government in the world is not the product of force with violence.
It is achieved in opposition to the disorder of sedition for the sound of silence.
=================
Locke's argument was expressed against the incumbent monarchy for Britain in a play to elect William of Orange as the king for the parliamentary government. William was a Protestant prince in France and a stateholder in the Dutch republic.
He was sympathetic to the establishment of the Whig party as the dominant force over parliament. The Whigs were proponents of liberal aggression. This aggression constantly pressed the case that those who did not agree with them should be punished.
Liberal aggression didn't promote freedom for the people within the law based on truth. They pressed for the enslavement of primitive people for colonial possessions and the subordination of opposition in the state. Locke's argument wasn't democratic or civil.
The Whig state of affairs was much closer to the use of arbitrary judgment to justify the claim to absolute power than was the rule of law according to King James or his son Charles. The printing press, rifles and advocacy for rebellion were directed to overthrow the monarchy. William was tolerated as an accessory to the Reformed Protestant cause.
Berkeley was an Anglican cleric from Ireland. His argument against the materialism of the empirical position was a plea to use thought to deflate the Whig's policy for political aggression based on the threat of violence.
His position shows too much agreement with Aristotle in his apology for slavery, but he stipulated that slave owners should have a plan for manumission. Slaves should have been able to earn their freedom.
This freedom had to allow for the private ownership of property, if there was to be any credibility in popular acceptance to the claim that enslavement was being used for civilization.
Reason was an immaterial force that used wisdom about truth for judgment regarding the general condition for particular events. Language is the tool by which words are used to describe things. The weakness of his position was that he identified abstraction as the cause of error in thought.
There was an implied association between abstraction and the promotion of perpetual error in political policy. It seems that slavery without end was seen as a necessary product. False abstraction causes error, not abstract thought itself.
That which has been abstracted has to be tested for value. Slavery as an institution of colonization did not have to be tested again. It had been tried a number of times. The papal blessing of the leading monarch as the Roman emperor had managed to avoid the practice for centuries.
Berkeley asserted that those who advised against the use of words to favor the abstract idea, didn't practice what they preached. He probably had Locke in mind. Locke had expressed personal distaste for slavery and rebellion, but left it for the reader to infer that violence was the means by which government accomplished political ends.
There was too much error in speech by the advocates to warrant the advice. There was a value in warning against the abstraction of the absolute or the universal in the consideration of design in the law of nature.
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Principles of Human Knowledge (1710)
Text
"But, THESE BEING KNOWN TO BE MISTAKES, A MAN MAY with greater ease PREVENT HIS BEING IMPOSED ON BY WORDS. He that knows he has no other than particular ideas, will not puzzle himself in vain to find out and conceive the abstract idea annexed to any name. And he that knows names do not always stand for ideas will spare himself the labour of looking for ideas where there are none to be had. It were, therefore, to be wished that everyone would use his utmost endeavours to obtain a clear view of the ideas he would consider, separating from them all that dress and incumbrance of words which so much contribute to blind the judgment and divide the attention. In vain do we extend our view into the heavens and pry into the entrails of the earth, in vain do we consult the writings of learned men and trace the dark footsteps of antiquity--we need only draw the curtain of words, to hold the fairest tree of knowledge, whose fruit is excellent, and within the reach of our hand."
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He who knows that he has only particular ideas in thought
has ruled out the general along with the absolute as reason wrought.
=================
The description of conditions in reality as true warranted particulars and generalities. Berkeley overstated the particular. It was his concession to Locke and the empiricism of the Whigs. The emphasis on direct perception as freed from the contrivance of language was deceptive.
The legislation of law is an art that ought to avoid the error of preemptive particularity or ambiguity. There are trends that favor the overstatement of the particular, the ambiguous or the arbitrary nonetheless.
Bentham was the first major philosopher to develop and defend a utilitarian theory of ethics. He believed that happiness as a result of pleasure is the only thing that is good for its own sake.
He believed that humans are motivated by the desire for happiness by nature. This was used to establish it as the utility for governance. The sustainable benefit of pleasure included the reduction or avoidance of pain. Economic actions are organized to sustain the happiness that maintains good health.
Utilitarianism was a modern dialectical derivation from the Epicurean thought in Ancient Greece. An excess of pleasure was not regarded as sustainable. There are grounds to suppose that the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people did not include the imposition of misery on others.
The law against slavery would eventually gain enough popular support to justify parliamentarian agreement for the legislation.
The world would eventually reject rebellion and revolution as counter-productive to conservative reform with petition and debate as the leading forms for representation. Law against revolution, rebellion and terrorism will find justification in the political agreement to enact the legislation against the agencies for coercion.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
Ch. II
Text
"If the principle of utility be a right principle to be governed by, and that in all cases, it follows from what has been just observed, that whatever principle differs from it in any case must necessarily be a wrong one. To prove any other principle, therefore, to be a wrong one, there needs no more than just to show it to be what it is, a principle of which the dictates are in some point or other different from those of the principle of utility: to state it is to confute it."
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Good health sustains the body with happiness.
The utility of this is for legislation against ghastliness.
Pleasure sparks endorphins to release excess energy.
The release is natural for the organization of the sensory.
=================
J.S. Mill was a utilitarian. He wrote about the relation between authority and freedom in his book, On Liberty. He argued that the individual is sovereign over his or her own actions. He saw individuality as the greatest good of utilitarianism.
His emphasis on individuality warned against the "tyranny of the majority" as a byproduct of the democratic process. A person can choose to do that which he decides so long as it does not harm others. Society is limited in authority over the choice of the individuals that constitute the body for it.
Mill believed that government run education is an evil. State control would destroy diversity of opinion with the curriculum developed by a few. The less evil version of state run schooling is that which competes against other privately run schools.
He did not condone private action that caused damage. Causing damage creates liability that can be prosecuted as criminal action.
He didn't advocate for the prohibition of alcohol as though it were the cause of crime. He recommended that the individual's problem with getting drunk was that which required corrective action.
He clarified that his book was not on the liberty of the will as opposed to philosophical necessity. It was specifically concerned with civil or social liberty in relation to the nature and limits of power that can be exercised by society over individuals legitimately.
J.S. Mill (1806-1873)
On Liberty (1859)
Text
"The struggle between Liberty and Authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar, particularly in that of Greece, Rome, and England. But in old times this contest was between subjects, or some classes of subjects, and the government. By liberty, was meant protection against the tyranny of the political rulers. The rulers were conceived (except in some of the popular governments of Greece) as in a necessarily antagonistic position to the people whom they ruled. They consisted of a governing One, or a governing tribe or caste, who derived their authority from inheritance or conquest, who, at all events, did not hold it at the pleasure of the governed."
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Liberty had been a cry for deliverance from the tyranny of political rulers.
It is now a facet of reform that allows for defense from attack by alien intruders.
=================
Mill was regarded as a liberal insofar as he promoted constitutional reform. He supported the right for women to vote.
This is currently regarded as a right for citizens in constitutionally democratic republic or monarchy. Insofar as the vote is a measure of public opinion for the election of officials, it didn't make sense to exclude female citizens from the action.
It is now regarded as a conservative family value. This is one of the key legal ways to participate in the determination of public policy. The greatest difficulty lies in how to participate without being consumed by the participation.
The action that was regarded as liberal at the time reduced the factional representation that limited the right to vote to men. It was a corrective addition to the Constitutional consideration of how to represent societal interests with government.
It was not a government action that only claimed to represent public interest in order to increase expenditure by deficit spending or taxation. Deficit spending is simply a deferment of increased taxation.
The tyranny of the majority has been played in media expression as the greatest shortcoming of American democracy by Democrats. Rawls and others have pressed the case that it is not possible for the minority to institute racism against the majority in democratic society.
Media expression that constantly argues that the majority is racist however influences public opinion in favor of instituting racism against the majority. The original premise posited by Rawls has been proven false by the aggression in media expression.
Democrats have made their case for winning the election dependent upon the investigation for impeachment of the president. It is an admission of guilt regarding their advocacy to punish the president and the majority for belonging to the largest social group.
They have argued against utilitarian philosophy, because it allows for the competition between social groups to expand representation to the whole constituent body. They have been seeking to limit benefit to their factional representation.
Josiah Royce was an American objective idealist philosopher and the founder of American idealism. He was born in California in the 19th century.
He received his BA from the University of California, Berkeley in 1875. The university had been established in 1868. He got his degree during the first decade of its establishment.
Royce stands out in the philosophical crowd. He was the only major American philosopher who spent a significant period of his life studying and writing history. His specialization was in the American west and history of philosophy.
He argued for the existence of an Absolute. His absolute was different from that of Hegel or Bradley. Royce's Absolute is the ground and originator of community. This is a personal being who preserves the past, sustains the present and anticipates the future.
Respect for conservatism is preserved in the trinitarian formulation. Temporal possibilities are infused with value in the ideal of community. The authority of community is not limited to the local council.
Interpretation is part of the divine activity which Royce came to see in the notion suggested by Charles Sanders Peirce of “agapism”, or “evolutionary love”.
Human being experiences the Absolute in the irrevocability of each deed. To confront the way that our acts cannot be undone is to meet consequence in temporal necessity.
Human beings have an ongoing "will to interpret" to live an ethically meaningful life with respect for practical purpose.
He made the case against realism, mysticism and critical rationalism as historical conceptions. He argued for a Fourth Conception. Realism held that to be is to be independent. Mysticism held that to be is the way to immediacy. Objective validity is existence in critical rationalism.
Royce found contradiction in each. His hypothesis was that "to be is to be uniquely related to a whole." This formulation preserves the three critical aspects of being, the Whole, the individual and the relation that constitutes them.
The Philosophy of Loyalty was published in 1908. It was derived from lectures given at the Lowell Institute, at Yale, Harvard and at the University of Illinois in 1906–07.
His notion of “loyalty” was essentially a universalized and ecumenical interpretation of Christian agapic love.
Royce's is a virtue ethic in which our loyalty to increasingly less immediate ideals becomes the formative moral influence in our personal development. Charity comes from the people at the community level for those who are in need of it only as long as it is needed.
The beloved community as an ideal is experienced in our acts of loyal service. This loyalty is integrated into Royce's moral philosophy for a Kingdom of Ends. It is construed as imminently operative instead of oppressively regulative.
While the philosophical status of this ideal remains hypothetical, the living of it in the fulfillment of our finite purpose makes it live practically for each individual. Each of us, no matter how morally undeveloped , has fulfilled experiences that point to the reality of experience beyond what is given personally.
The need for loyalty is natural, social and personal. It is not constrained to the individualism of Nietzsche. It expands to that which is won for the community as the larger group in debates between groups for political representation.
Josiah Royce (1855-1916)
The Philosophy of Loyalty (1908)
Text
"Individualism itself, in many rebellious forms, we often find asserting that it speaks in the name of the true morality of the future. And the movement begun in Germany by Nietzsche the tendency towards what that philosophical rhapsodist called the "transmutation of all moral values " - has in recent years made popular the thesis that all the conventional morality of the past, whatever may have been its inevitableness, or its temporary usefulness, was in principle false, was a mere transition stage of evolution, and must be altered to the core."
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Individualism in rebellious form is not true morality.
It regresses to the practice of excess official benefit over community vitality.
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Josiah Royce held a friendly but longstanding dispute with William James that started at Harvard University. The debate was known as “The Battle of the Absolute.” The dialectic that resulted deeply influenced the thought of both philosophers. Royce reconceived his metaphysics as an “absolute pragmatism” grounded in semiotics in his later works.
William James was an American philosopher and psychologist. He was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. He is considered to be a leading thinker of the late 19th century. He was both a philosopher and the father of American psychology.
He established the argument for pragmatism along with Charles Sanders Peirce. James was known for the development of radical empiricism.
He was trained as a physician and taught anatomy at Harvard, but never practiced medicine.
James spent almost all of his academic career at Harvard. He was appointed instructor in physiology for the spring 1873 term, instructor in anatomy and physiology in 1873, assistant professor of psychology in 1876, assistant professor of philosophy in 1881, full professor in 1885 and endowed with the chair in psychology in 1889. He returned to philosophy in 1897 and emeritus professor of philosophy in 1907.
James joined in philosophical discussions and debates with Charles Peirce, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Chauncey Wright during his Harvard years. The discussions evolved into a lively group informally known as The Metaphysical Club in 1872.
James held a world view in line with the pragmatism that declared that the value of any truth was dependent upon its use to the person who held it.
Additional tenets of James's pragmatism included the view that the world is a mosaic of diverse experiences that can only be properly interpreted and understood through an application of "radical empiricism."
Radical empiricism is not restricted to scientific empiricism. It asserts that the world and experience can never be halted for an entirely objective analysis. The mind of the observer and the act of observation affect any empirical approach to truth.
The mind, its experience and nature are inseparable. His emphasis on diversity was the default for the human condition. It was presented over and against Hegelian dialectical duality. It has maintained a strong influence in American culture.
The opening to his first lecture on the Varieties of Religious Experience describes his experience of the relations between American and European lecturers at universities.
James had traveled to the University of Edinburgh to deliver the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion from 1901-1902.
William James (1842-1910)
The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
Text
"It is with no small amount of trepidation that I take my place behind this desk, and face this learned audience. To us Americans, the experience of receiving instruction from the living voice, as well as from the books, of European scholars, is very familiar. At my own University of Harvard, not a winter passes without its harvest, large or small, of lectures from Scottish, English, French, or German representatives of the science or literature of their respective countries whom we have either induced to cross the ocean to address us, or captured on the wing as they were visiting our land. It seems the natural thing for us to listen whilst the Europeans talk. The contrary habit, of talking whilst the Europeans listen, we have not yet acquired; and in him who first makes the adventure it begets a certain sense of apology being due for so presumptuous an act."
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The experience of receiving instruction from the living voice
is good for application in giving lectures by invitational choice.
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Charles Sanders Peirce is sometimes called the Father of Pragmatism. He was older than William James. His father taught at Harvard. He began his lifelong friendship with James when they were students together.
Peirce's approach to pragmatism was logical, mathematical and scientific. He didn't use psychology to explore the topic of religion as William James had. He is not as well known as a consequence.
One of his Harvard instructors, Charles William Eliot, formed an unfavorable opinion of Peirce. This proved fateful. Eliot became the President of Harvard from 1869–1909. This period encompassed nearly all of Peirce's working life. He repeatedly vetoed Peirce's employment at the university
Peirce defined logic as the core element of philosophical thought. His exploration of the practical application of reason is influential for the benefit of society despite his being relatively unknown.
He was an innovator in mathematics, statistics, philosophy, research methodology and various sciences, but he considered himself to be first and foremost a logician. He saw logic as the formal branch of semiotics or the study of signs with objective measure.
His research in geodesy and gravimetrics at the U.S. Coastal Survey gained him international respect. This respect brought European research tours that enabled him to make contact with British and European logicians.
His work on Boolean logic and relatives gained him respect and attention from British logicians during an early research tour of Europe.
He foreshadowed the debate among logical positivists and proponents of philosophy of language that dominated 20th century Western philosophy.
The Academy of Arts and Science elected Peirce as a member in 1867. The National Academy of Sciences followed suit in 1877. He began extra work at the Harvard Observatory in 1869 and published a book from his research there, the 1878 Photometric Researches.
Other work in Philosophy saw Peirce begin the now legendary Metaphysical Club in 1872 with William James among others.
He had obtained an academic appointment at Johns Hopkins University by 1879 to teach logic for the philosophy department.
He continued to make strides in his instruction. He developed a theory of relatives and quantifiers independently of Frege. He published this work with his student O.H. Mitchell in the 1883 Studies in Logic.
Peirce lived with his mistress during the period from separation from his wife in 1876 to their divorce in 1883. He married his mistress seven days after the decree of divorce.
The President of John Hopkins Univeristy was informed about the indiscretion in marital relations. He withdrew the renewal of all contracts in Philosophy in January 1884, then reinstated all of them but Peirce. He was 'resigned' from his position. This had been the only academic position he was ever to hold.
Peirce spent part of his inheritance from his parents to buy 2,000 acres (8 km2) of rural land near Milford, Pennsylvania in 1887. The property never yielded an economic return though he continued to write prolifically. He did some scientific and engineering consulting and wrote much for meager pay. Mainly encyclopedic dictionary entries and reviews for The Nation were published.
A lecture series was organized by William James and Josiah Royce in 1898 in the hope that it might open a door to a position at Harvard. The series was delivered at a private home in Cambridge.
The Harvard Corporation had refused permission for Peirce to lecture on campus. Later lectures at Harvard in 1903 were allowed to take place on campus after the Corporation had softened its stance, but the academic establishment at Harvard never came to accept or forgive Peirce.
Lecture series such as those organized by James and Royce, along with hack writing for dictionaries and popular magazines, were his main philosophical outlet and primary source of income.
Attempts to secure money from the Carnegie Institution to fund a full statement of his philosophical system in 1902 failed. He lived a life of penury struggle to find an outlet for his work between the 1890’s and his death from cancer in April 1914.
His effort to elevate logic to the primary position of recognition in philosophy struggled against the societal disregard for the public application in communication.
C.S. Peirce (1839-1914)
Principles of Philosophy (1931)
Text
"Very early in my studies of logic, before I had really been devoting myself to it more than four or five years, it became quite manifest to me that this science was in a bad condition, entirely unworthy of the general state of intellectual development of our age...About that time — say the date of Mansel's Prolegomena Logica (1860) — Logic touched bottom. There was no room for it to become more degraded. It had been sinking steadily, and relatively to the advance of physical science, by no means slowly from the time of the revival of learning — say from the date of the last fall of Constantinople." (1453)
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Logic had held a central place in the Latin trivium
but it fell as though it were a form of delirium.
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Dewey was one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism. He is considered one of the fathers of functional psychology.
He regarded schools and civil society as the two most fundamental elements in the reconstruction of democracy. Experimental intelligence was the means to test for functional capacity in the face of diversity.
He was a major voice for progressive education and liberalism. He founded the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools while a professor at the University of Chicago. He was able to apply and test his progressive ideas on pedagogical method.
Dewey referred to Darwin's theory of evolution to make his pragmatism naturalistic. He defined language as a tool for adapting to the environment.
Basic mathematics, the industrial and medical arts are tools to help solve problems regarding survival. Higher math and the natural sciences discover regularities or natural laws to help us organize our ideas about nature for application to societal organization.
His association with socialism and leftist policy for liberal expenditure contradicted the strength of his logical structure for experimental design. While there is something to be said for the temperance of revolutionary zeal with something less destructive, enthusiasm for rebellion isn't constructive enough for application to the government of society.
The Congressional body is the largest and most difficult part of government to organize. Leftists and socialists don't contribute to budgetary restraint when they manage to get elected to office.
Leftists have tapped into the European concession to socialism with the media expression that they buy. They are trying to sell the public on the belief that a socialist government is the only option that makes sense.
Socialist government doesn't tolerate opposition. They only seek to punish those who don't agree with their bureaucratic authority. Their claims to superior functional ability are not grounded in actual performance. They are liars and thieves who bilk the public out of money with fake news.
Whereas C.S. Peirce had been mathematical, logical and scientific in his thought, James had been social with his concern for religion. Dewey turned the focus of pragmatism toward politics, education and the political application of religious belief. He invented the profession of social work with his friend Jane Addams as an expression of pragmatist ideas.
Dewey defined logic as a theory for inquiry as the pragmatic way to sort through the diversity of public opinion. He had written a number of works that treated logic as a theory.
He was concerned with the forms and formal relations that constituted the standard material for the logical tradition. He alluded to Peirce as the pragmatist who had called attention to the principle of the continuum of inquiry out of empiricism.
Application of this principle enabled an empirical account to be given of logical forms whose necessity had been overlooked or denied by empiricism. The interpretation of the forms as a priori was not necessary.
John Dewey (1859-1952)
Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938)
Text
"The basic conception of inquiry as determination of an indeterminate situation not only enables the vexed topic of the relation of judgment and propositions to obtain an objective solution, but, in connection with the conjugate relation of observed and conceptual material, enables a coherent account of the different propositional forms to be given."
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Determination in the search for logical forms for improvement
makes logic the immaterial form for the selection of behavior in student movement.
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Neo-Pragmatism
Richard Rorty
b. 10.4.1931 New York City, NY
d. 6.8.2007 Palo Alto, California
Richard Rorty was an American philosopher. He was educated at the University of Chicago and Yale University. His interest was in the history of philosophy and contemporary analysis. He advocated for a form of American thought which has been called neo-pragmatism.
Scientific and philosophical methods form a set of contingent "vocabularies" which people abandon or adopt over time according to social conventions and usefulness. He believed that the loss of representationalist accounts of knowledge and language would lead to a state of mind he referred to as "ironism".
People become aware of the contingency of their placement in history and of their philosophical vocabulary in this condition. This brand of philosophy was tied to the notion of "social hope".
He believed that without the representationalist accounts and without metaphors between the mind and the world, human society would behave more peacefully.
He sought to integrate and apply the milestone achievements of Dewey, Hegel and Darwin in a pragmatist synthesis of historicism and naturalism.
He agreed with Dewey that philosophy is the art of the politically useful. This art looks for what is best in democracy. While Hegel was too revolutionary to be regarded as a mediating force for civility, his historicism invited the consideration of the evolution of republic in contemporary society. Darwin allowed for the importance of emotion in expression as part of that which is mammalian in natural evolution.
While government needs leadership to model responsible behavior, democratic society needs participation from citizens and residents to select that which is best in achievement. Philosophy has to address the outer limits in order to assist evolution to attain progress in the face of political regression.
Pragmatism has socialist and liberal affiliations that allow for the staging of events that could be defined as a form of terrorism. Stories about mass murder need the trappings of an actual event in order to persuade a quick read that something truly destructive had taken place.
The stories aren't contrived simply for entertainment. They are arranged and sponsored by those who have an agenda to coerce agreement for some kind of government initiative in which Congress is the largest body.
Loyalty to the largest body is a principle of organization for Rorty in his neo-pragmatism. If the liberals in Congress make demands for their benefit at the expense of the population of people in the nation, then the constant pressure to increase expenditure represents an act of terror.
New York City
The end of World War I welcomed a new era in New York. Prohibition had been enacted by law starting in 1918 at least in part as punishment to the German brewing industry. All alcohol was prohibited by the ratification of the 18th amendment in 1920.
The amendment banned the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcohol. Bootleggers, also known as rum-runners, would smuggle liquor from overseas and bring them to the secret speakeasies for those who disagreed with the law.
Jazz, illegal booze, gangs and commerce flourished in the post-war culture. The city had nearly six million residents. It served as a booming center for immigrants and migrants. They entered by boat, road and rail. Life in 1920's New York was defined by the sights and sounds of a decade-long party.
The early 1920's in New York saw the start of some famed establishments. The Apollo Theatre on 42nd St., the Roseland Ballroom in the Theater District and the Cotton Club in Harlem were opened.
African Americans had started to move from the South to northern cities after the Civil War ended in 1865. The movement was called the "Great Migration." Around 200,000 African Americans made New York City their home by the 1920's. They created their own community in Harlem due to housing tension and segregation law.
Harlem became a cultural hub for dynamic jazz and blues as well as a platform for rising jazz artists like Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith and Coleman Hawkins.
The musical genre became one of the most potent expressions of New York’s cultural life. The music was promoted through recordings, broadcasts and live performances. It also gave birth to the popular Lindy Hop dance.
The changing times were expressed through fashion in other parts of the city. Both ostentatious designer accessories and flapper-style outfits represented the lavishness and scandalous air of the 1920's.
New York City ranked as the most populous city in the world. It overtook London in 1925. London had been the largest for a century
Suspected anarchists set off a bomb on Wall Street on one the busiest corners of Manhattan’s Financial District on September 16, 1920. A horse-drawn wagon concealed 100 pounds of dynamite. It was detonated at 12:01 p.m. It was reported that the blast killed 38 people. It was considered the most deadly terrorist activity on American soil at the time.
The stock market crash of 1929 was a four-day collapse of stock prices that began on October 24, 1929. It was the worst decline in U.S. history. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 25 percent. It lost $30 billion in market value.
The Great Depression had started as an economic pressure to institute socialist policy at the national level. The Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war. The Great Depression had reduced the need for new labor.
The Empire State Building was built and the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel opened for business in 1931.
Richard Rorty
Richard Rorty was born on October 4th, 1931 in New York City.
His early and informal education began with the books in his parents' library. Leon Trotsky’s two books History of the Russian Revolution and Literature and Revolution as well as two volumes on the Dewey Commission of Inquiry into the Moscow Trials were in the collection.
His family’s association with noted socialists such as John Frank and Carlo Tresca introduced him to the socialist contention for the plight of oppressed peoples and the fight for social justice. He called it the anti-communist reformist left within a circle that combined anti-Stalinism with left wing social activism.
American patriotism, redistributionist economics, anticommunism and Deweyan pragmatism were combined into what has come to be called 'socialist democracy.'
He went to a philosophy department at the University of Chicago in 1946. The department included Rudolph Carnap, Charles Hartshorne and Richard McKeon in 1946.
He developed an enthusiasm for Platonism. He believed that passion had to be replaced with reason as a method to harmonize reality with the ideals of justice. He came to feel that the realization of the ideal wasn't realistic. He chose to explore the rigors of the study of the philosophy of mind and analytic philosophy.
He stayed on at Chicago to complete an M.A. (1952) with a thesis on Whitehead after getting his BA in 1949. He went to Yale from 1952 to 1956. He wrote a dissertation entitled "The Concept of Potentiality". This investigation expressed his commitment to the analytic tradition.
He received his first academic appointment at Wellesley College after 2 years in the army. He moved to Princeton University as a professor of philosophy in 1961.
He developed the theory of eliminative materialism in Mind-body Identity, Privacy and Categories (1965), The Linguistic Turn (1967) and In Defense of Eliminative Materialism (1970).
He came to believe that the incessant conflict between the first principles of philosophers could be transformed with reason into a conversation for a better society after he read Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.
Hegel's historicism became proto-pragmatic. Rational thought was to become real in social relations. History was the process of the Absolute to self-manifest as the Incarnation of the Logos through concrete realization in human consciousness.
Rorty rejected Hegel's idealism as a form of pantheistic fantasy that attempts to maintain a “closeness of fit” between word and world by rendering humanity as the mere manifestation of the Divine Mind. The ideal was not consistent with Hegel’s own anti-representational doctrine of historicism.
Rorty contended that Darwin demonstrated how to naturalize Hegel. He dispensed with the claim that the real is rational. He presented a narrative for change that unfolds as an endless series in progression.
Consciousness and thought are not distinct. They are inextricably linked to the use of language. Language is the practice of using long and complex strings of noises and marks to successfully adapt to one’s environment.
If language is a break in the continuity between other species and humans, it is only insofar as it is a tool that humans have which amoebas, squirrels and the like do not. Language was naturalized.
Life and consciousness might have evolved from non-living, non-conscious chemical soup to emergence in a materialism free from teleology. Traditional purpose was divorced from the consideration of modern material reality.
Rorty was reintroduced to the works of John Dewey during his tenure at Princeton. He had set aside his consideration of Dewey's work when he abandoned Platonism. It was the work of Dewey, Wilfrid Sellars and W. V. Quine that caused him to redirect his interest to the study and development of the American philosophy of Pragmatism.
The publication of his first book, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature in 1979 occurred in the same year that he became President of the American Philosophical Association. This year marked his break with Platonic essentialism as well as with Cartesian foundationalism.
He attacked assumptions at the core of modern epistemology. The conceptions of mind, knowledge and of the discipline of philosophy were subjected to criticism.
He called himself “raucously secularist.” He rejected contemporary attempts at holding justice and reality in a single vision. He declared that this was a remnant of what Heidegger called the onto-theological tradition whose metaphors had frozen into dogmatic truisms about truth and goodness.
He left pretense to an analytic style in Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (1989). He opted for a Proust-inspired narrative approach.
Arguments for universal rights, common humanity and justice were replaced with references to pain and humiliation as motivation for society to form solidarities to oppose suffering that was not caused by adversity. Hope for knowledge became the main thrust for his effort.
Tolerant conversation was preferred to philosophical debate. Idiosyncratic re-creation was regarded as better than self-discovery. These became the hallmarks for the social hope of pragmatism.
The pursuit of hope was characterized as a historicist quest for human happiness. The search for universal truth and timeless goodness was to be replaced by favor for what works.
He stayed at Princeton until he went to the University of Virginia for the humanities in 1982. He accepted an appointment in the Department of Comparative Literature at Stanford University in 1998.
Philosophy was reduced to a template for reading Darwinian evolution into Dewey's democratic principles. This reduction appeared in Achieving Our Country (1998), Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers III (1998) and in Philosophy and Social Hope (1999).
He wrote a piece called "The Fire of Life" shortly before his death. It was published in the November 2007 issue of Poetry magazine. He reflected on his diagnosis and the comfort of poetry. He concludes, "I now wish that I had spent somewhat more of my life with verse."
Cultures with richer vocabularies are more fully human than those with poorer ones. These are further removed from beasts.
Rorty died in his home from pancreatic cancer on June 8, 2007.
His neo-pragmatism differed from the pragmatism of James in that it was against theism. It developed the association with Hegel and Darwin started by Dewey, but decreased the emphasis on education.
His socialism was against communism, but it still favored an excess of government control. He criticized leftist political influence despite this favor.
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Richard Rorty
S. 理查德·罗蒂
T. 理查德·羅蒂
理 Li reason 理 ri logic Ri り リ Li 리 lee
查 zha examine 查 no kanji cha ちゃ- チャ- cha 차 car
德 de goodness 德 toku ethics do ど ド deu 드 de
罗 Luo to catch 羅 ra gauze Ro ろ- ロ- Lo 로 in
蒂 di stem 蒂 tei stem of plant ti てぃ ティ ti 티 tea
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Debate with logic for reason examines goodness
to grasp the stem of the plant at the base for sureness.
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