Be
Impartial
要公正
Yào gōngzhèng
公平に
Kōhei ni
ps33
et facti
Rejoice in impartiality those of you who desire justice.
It is good for the just to sing praise for divine augustness.
Praise augustness with the piano and sax
with grammar that is hallowed as the shallow in Halifax.
Make music with guitar and drums.
Take delight in caviar and conundrums.
Make a noise that sounds triumphant.
Play it so people can hear your trumpet.
Find the best explanation for how things work.
The word is right when joy in detection is perked.
The elements make substance in existence.
The unity of being reflects consonance with subsistence.
By the word of the Creator heaven was made.
By the breath of the Spirit came the breeze for the glade.
The waters of the ocean were gathered as fluid for sky.
The depths reach wonders where solutions lie.
Let all the earth revere noble loyalty.
The world will find that awe is the heart of royalty.
Logic ordered thoughts so the mind could see.
Reason spoke and it came to be.
When will is false it is brought to naught.
Design that damages ought not to be sought.
Divine will stands fast forever.
Design discerned with faith will be remembered.
Happy is the nation that defines borders to defend.
Joyful are those whose national security does not end.
Defense from attack is a legal unity.
Stand your ground in constitutional credulity.
Light shines down from heaven
to behold people in the presence
of legal essence.
The real presence sits enthroned at the heart of human life
for all who dwell on earth for the girth of its worth beyond the strife.
Hearts are fashioned for healthy relationship.
Functional operations permit good will as the championship.
Military service is an exercise in national security.
Strength is an element in faithful maturity.
Watchfulness preserves respect for deliverance.
Existence requires meaning for the gift of chance
to dance with consilience.
Fear is part of the relevance of reverence.
It sparks selective attention for environmental elements.
The sense of sanctity plucks lives from death
and feeds the hungry in famine's shibboleth.
Our soul waits for deliverance
with the help of the Deliverer.
Scripture said, "Out of the believer's heart shall flow rivers of living water."
Jesus said, "Let anyone who is thirsty come to me to drink" as an offer.
The empire of Babylon invested in learning many languages.
Captivity and construction made slavery a resultant damage.
These bones were told they would receive divine breath to live.
Skin would be laid on flesh and sinew to receive that which the Lord GOD would give.
Energy is conserved in transformation.
The moon lit the woods in confirmation.
The nurse rocked the infant as her affectionate occupation
Speaking good news in a foreign tongue
was granted as the Spirit gave the ability with love.
Our heart rejoices in salvation
for the name of the Savior for the nation
among nations.
Let the energy of God's love be with us
for our trust is in that which is divine about justice.
----------------------------
33 Exultate, justi
Exult, you impartial
1 Rejoice in the Lord, you righteous;
it is good for the just to sing praises.
2 Praise the Lord with the harp;
play to him upon the psaltery and lyre.
3 Sing for him a new song;
sound a fanfare with all your skill upon the trumpet.
4 For the word of the Lord is right,
and all his works are sure.
5 He loves righteousness and justice;
the loving-kindness of the Lord fills the whole earth.
6 By the word of the Lord were the heavens made,
by the breath of his mouth all the heavenly hosts.
7 He gathers up the waters of the ocean as in a water-skin
and stores up the depths of the sea.
8 Let all the earth fear the Lord;
let all who dwell in the world stand in awe of him.
9 For he spoke, and it came to pass;
he commanded, and it stood fast.
10 The Lord brings the will of the nations to naught;
he thwarts the designs of the peoples.
11 But the Lord's will stands fast for ever,
and the designs of his heart from age to age.
12 Happy is the nation whose God is the Lord!
happy the people he has chosen to be his own!
13 The Lord looks down from heaven,
and beholds all the people in the world.
14 From where he sits enthroned he turns his gaze
on all who dwell on the earth.
15 He fashions all the hearts of them
and understands all their works.
16 There is no king that can be saved by a mighty army;
a strong man is not delivered by his great strength.
17 The horse is a vain hope for deliverance;
for all its strength it cannot save.
18 Behold, the eye of the Lord is upon those who fear him,
on those who wait upon his love,
19 To pluck their lives from death,
and to feed them in time of famine.
20 Our soul waits for the Lord;
he is our help and our shield.
21 Indeed, our heart rejoices in him,
for in his holy Name we put our trust.
22 Let your loving-kindness, O Lord, be upon us,
as we have put our trust in you.
-----------------------
Gen. 11:6-9
The LORD said, 'Look. They are one people. They all have one language. This is only the beginning of what they will do. Nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come. Let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand one another's speech.' The LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of the earth. They left off building the city. It was called Babel because the LORD confused the language of all the earth. The LORD scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.
--------------------------
The empire of Babylon invested in learning many languages.
Captivity and construction made slavery a resultant damage.
===================
Ezekiel 37:5-6
The Lord GOD said to these bones: I will cause breath to enter you and you shall live. I will lay sinews on you to cause flesh to come upon you to cover you with skin and put breath in you. You will live and know that I am the LORD.
--------------------------
These bones were told they would receive divine breath to live.
Skin would be laid on flesh and sinew to receive that which Lord GOD would give.
===================
Acts 2:1-4
When the day of Pentecost had come they were all together in one place. There came a sound like the rush of a violent wind suddenly. It filled the house where they sat. Divided tounges as of fire appeared among them. A tongue rested on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages as the Spirit gave them ability.
--------------------------
Speaking the gospel in foreign tongue
was granted as the Spirit gave the ability with love.
===================
John 7:37-38
While Jesus was standing there on the last day of the festival, he cried out, 'Let anyone who is thirsty come to me. Let the one who believes in me drink. The scripture has said, "Out of the believer's heart shall flow rivers of living water."
--------------------------
Scripture said, "Out of the believer's heart shall flow rivers of living water."
Jesus said, "Let anyone who is thirsty come to me to drink" as an offer.
===================
History of Science
b. 6.9.1861 Paris, France
d. 9.14.1916 Carbrespine, France
Pierre Duhem was a French theoretical physicist who worked on thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and the theory of elasticity. He championed “energetics.” Generalized thermodynamics is foundational for physical theory. All of chemistry and physics, including mechanics, electricity and magnetism, should be derivable from thermodynamic first principles.
Duhem was also a historian of science. He has been noted for his work on the European Middle Ages. He produced groundbreaking work in medieval theory and defended a thesis of continuity between medieval and early modern science.
He is remembered principally for his views on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria as a philosopher of science. Hypotheses are not straightforwardly refuted by experiment. There are no crucial experiments.
Paris
Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was born in Paris, but spent very little of his life there until he assumed the presidency of the French Second Republic in 1848.
He had lived most of his life in exile in Switzerland, Italy, the United States and England. He had to ask Victor Hugo where the Place des Vosges was located at the time of his election as the French president.
He had been greatly influenced by London where he had spent years in exile. He admired its squares, wide streets and sidewalks, and especially Hyde Park with its lake and winding paths. The park was copied in the design for the Bois de Boulogne and other Paris parks.
Paris had beautiful buildings in 1852 but it was not a beautiful city according to many visitors. The most significant civic structures such as the Hôtel de Ville and the Cathedral of Notre Dame were surrounded and partially hidden by slums. Napoleon wanted to make them visible and accessible.
Napoleon III was fond of quoting the utopian philosopher Charles Fourier. A century which does not provide luxurious buildings can make no progress in the framework of social well-being. A barbarian city is "composed of buildings thrown together by hazard, without any evident plan, and grouped in confusion between twisting, narrow, badly-made and unhealthy streets."
Napoleon declared in 1850: "Let us make every effort to embellish this great city. Let us open new streets, make healthy the crowded arrondissements which are lacking air and daylight, and let the healthy sunlight penetrate every corner within our walls."
Napoleon staged a coup d'état to become Emperor in December 1852. He began to transform Paris into a more open, healthier and more beautiful city. He attacked the overcrowded and unhealthy slums; the shortage of drinking water; sewers that emptied directly into the Seine; the absence of parks and green spaces especially in the outer parts of the city; congestion in the narrow streets; and the need for easier travel between the new train stations.
Napoleon III ruled as emperor of the second French Empire from 1852-1870. Paris was the largest city in continental Europe. It was a leading center for finance, commerce, fashion and the arts.
The population of the city grew dramatically from about one million to two million people. The city was greatly enlarged through the annexation of eleven surrounding communes. These additions led to the creation of eight new arrondissements. The expansion brought the city to its present boundaries.
Napoleon III and the prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, began a massive public works project in 1853. New boulevards, parks, theaters, markets and monuments were built. The project continued for 17 years until his downfall.
Pierre Duhem
Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem was born on June 10, 1861 in Paris. It was a modest neighborhood on the Rue des Jeûneurs near the Grands Boulevards just South of Montmartre.
His father, Pierre-Joseph Duhem, was of Flemish origin. He was the oldest child of a large family who lived in the French northern industrial city of Roubaix near the Belgian border. He was a commercial traveler.
Pierre-Joseph was forced to discontinue his studies with the Jesuits in order to provide for the family. He worked in the textile industry as a sales representative, but never abandoned his love of learning. He was seen everywhere with the work of a Latin author under his arm later in his life.
His mother was Alexandrine Fabre. She was descended on her mother’s side from the Hubault-Delormes. They were a bourgeois family who had settled in Paris during the seventeenth century. Her father’s family had originally come from the southern town of Cabesprine, near Carcasonne.
Pierre was the eldest of his parents four children. The Duhems made sure that Pierre was well educated. He was given private lessons starting at the age of 7 with a small group of students, on grammar, arithmetic, Latin and catechism.
The young Duhem was witness to some troubling times. The Franco-Prussian War raged until the armistice in February 1871 and the Paris Commune in March. The Duhems had avoided the advance of the Prussians against Paris but were caught up in the siege of Chateaudun. They barely escaped to Bordeaux.
Their return to Paris came after the armistice and just before the Paris Commune. That social experiment lasted only two months. It set the stage for some wide-ranging transformations to French culture that were to have great consequences when they were later established permanently.
The separation of church from state, the rendering of all church property into public property and the exclusion of religion from schools were among the Commune’s decrees.
The Duhems did not approve of these measures and were particularly chagrined by some of the extreme actions taken by the most radical elements of the Commune. The desecration of churches and graveyards were examples of these actions. The Commune was a paradigm of anarchy and irreligion for the Duhems.
The Fall of 1872 brought two great tragedies to the Duhem family. A diphtheria epidemic killed Pierre’s younger sister Antoinette and his recently born brother Jean. This left only Pierre and Antoinette’s twin sister Marie.
Pierre continued his education (as demi-pensionnaire) at a Catholic school. He was at the Collège Stanislas in Paris for the next 10 years from 1872. The mature Duhem recalled his college days as most formative. He singled out his science teacher as an important influence.
He left the Collège Stanislas with outstanding achievements in Latin, Greek, science, mathematics and other subjects. He had to choose between studying at the École Polytechnique which prepared one to be an engineer and the École Normale, the more academic of the two.
Duhem's father wanted him to study science at the École Polytechnique. He wanted his son to follow a technical career. Duhem's mother, on the other hand, wanted him to study Latin and Greek at the École Normale. She feared that a study of science would turn him away from the Roman Catholic beliefs that she had instilled in her children.
Duhem was ranked first in the entrance examinations of both institutions but he chose to please neither of his parents by studying pure scientific at the École Normale. He began his studies on 2 August 1882.
He published his first paper on electrochemical cells in 1884 while at the Ecole Normale. He submitted his doctoral thesis in 1884 before receiving his licence in mathematics. The thesis was on thermodynamic potential in physics and chemistry. He defined the criterion for chemical reactions in terms of free energy in it.
Marcellin Berthelot had put forward an incorrect criterion twenty years earlier. Duhem put forward a correct alternative. Berthelot was influential. He was able to arrange for Duhem's thesis to be rejected.
Duhem published the rejected thesis in 1886. Berthelot became French Minister of Education in 1886. Duhem worked on a second thesis. He chose a mathematical topic. The topic was less likely to be affected by the fate of his first thesis. His mathematical work on magnetism was accepted in 1888.
He was already teaching at Lille before his second thesis was submitted. He worked there from the time he took up the appointment on 13 October 1887 until 1893. He lectured on hydrodynamics, elasticity and acoustics. The lectures were published in 1891.
He married Adèle Chayet in October 1890 while in Lille. She died two years later during the birth of their second daughter. The infant girl died also. This personal tragedy may have made it harder for him to get on with his superiors. He always found hard despite having many good personal friendships.
It was after a dispute with the Dean, M. Demartres, that Duhem requested a move from Lille. He was appointed maître de conférence at Rennes in October 1893. He found that it was not well equipped for his work and requested another post at once.
He became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Bordeaux on 13 October 1894 but a request to move to Paris was blocked.
He requested a move from Bordeaux again in the following year after becoming a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences on 30 July 1900. It was refused again.
Few scientists have contributed in works of leading importance to the philosophy of science, the history of science and science itself as did Duhem.
He argued that physics is subject to certain methodological limitations that do not affect other sciences. Duhem critiqued the Baconian notion of "crucial experiments" in his The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. An experiment in physics is not simply an observation according to this critique, but rather an interpretation of observations by means of a theoretical framework.
It is impossible to subject an isolated single hypothesis to an experimental test no matter how well one constructs one's experiment. Testing a hypothesis includes the testing of a whole interlocking group of hypotheses, background assumptions and theories.
This thesis has come to be known as confirmation holism. This inevitable holism renders crucial experiments impossible. More generally, Duhem was critical of Newton's description of the method of physics as a straightforward "deduction" from facts and observations.
He is best known today for his work on chemical thermodynamics and for the Gibbs–Duhem and Duhem–Margules equations in particular.
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
The study involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of energy. When energy passes as work, heat or into or out of an isolated system the total energy remains constant. It is said to be conserved over time.
The sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases in a natural process in the second law of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work are impossible.
The Gibbs–Duhem equation provides a relationship between the intensive variables of the system. If a gas cylinder is filled with pure nitrogen at room temperature (298 K) and 25 MPa (Mega-Pascal unit of pressure), the fluid density (258 kg/m3), enthalpy (272 kJ/kg), entropy (5.07 kJ/kg⋅K) or any other intensive thermodynamic variable can be determined. If instead the cylinder contains a nitrogen/oxygen mixture, additional information is required, usually the ratio of oxygen-to-nitrogen.
The Duhem-Margoles equation is a thermodynamic statement of the relationship between the two components of a single liquid where the vapor mixture is regarded as an ideal gas.
An ideal gas is theoretically composed of many randomly moving point particles whose only interactions are perfectly elastic collisions. The composition is useful because it is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions.
Duhem was convinced that all physical phenomena, including mechanics, electromagnetism and chemistry, could be derived from the principles of thermodynamics. He was Influenced by Macquorn Rankine's "Outlines of the Science of Energetics." He carried out this intellectual project in his Traité de l'Énergétique (1911), but was ultimately unable to reduce electromagnetic phenomena to thermodynamic first principles.
Duhem shared a skepticism about the reality and usefulness of the concept of atoms with Ernst Mach. He therefore did not follow the statistical mechanics of Maxwell, Boltzmann and Gibbs who explained the laws of thermodynamics in terms of the statistical properties of mechanical systems composed of many atoms.
Duhem is well known for his work on the history of science. His research resulted in the ten volume Le système du monde: histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic (The System of World: A History of Cosmological Doctrines from Plato to Copernicus).
He endeavored to show that the Roman Catholic Church had helped foster Western science in one of its most fruitful periods. The approach was unlike former historians (e.g. Voltaire and Condorcet) who denigrated the Middle Ages.
His work in this field was originally prompted by his research into the origins of statics, where he encountered the works of medieval mathematicians and philosophers such as John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Roger Bacon. Their sophistication surprised him.
He consequently came to regard them as the founders of modern science. They anticipated many of the discoveries of Galileo Galilei and later thinkers. Duhem concluded that "the mechanics and physics of which modern times are justifiably proud to proceed, by an uninterrupted series of scarcely perceptible improvements, from doctrines professed in the heart of the medieval schools."
Duhem's views on the philosophy of science are explicated in his 1906 work The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. He opposed Newton's statement that the Principia's law of universal mutual gravitation was deduced from 'phenomena', including Kepler's second and third laws in this work.
The second and third laws explained the eccentricity of orbits.
The Sun is not at the center but at a focal point of the elliptical orbit.
Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant. The area speed is constant. The area speed is closely linked historically with the concept of angular momentum.
The time from the March equinox to the September equinox is around 186 days. This period is unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox. That is around 179 days.
A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts. The plane through the Sun parallel to the equator of the Earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio. This demonstrates the eccentricity the orbit of the Earth makes.
Newton's claims in this regard had already been attacked by critical proof-analyses of the German logician Leibniz. Immanuel Kant followed Hume's logical critique of induction.
The novelty of Duhem's work was his proposal that Newton's theory of universal mutual gravity flatly contradicted Kepler's Laws of planetary motion because the interplanetary mutual gravitational perturbations caused deviations from Keplerian orbits.
No proposition can be logically deduced from any it contradicts according to Duhem. Newton must not have logically deduced his law of gravitation directly from Kepler's Laws.
Duhem’s work was important for members of the Vienna Circle. The circle included Otto Neurath and Philipp Frank as well as Ernst Mach. Duhem's work was also taken up by participants in the Viennese political scene despite his conservative beliefs. Friedrich Adler translated La théorie physique into German in 1908.
The Duhem thesis surfaced fully in Anglo-American philosophy in the 1950's through the work of W. V. O. Quine. He wrote “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” as a criticism of the Vienna Circle's positivism. The first dogma was analyticity. The second dogma was reductionism.
Reductionism was the belief that “each meaningful statement is equivalent to some construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience”. Quine argued that reductionism is an ill-founded dogma.
He asserted that although reductionism has ceased to figure in some empiricists’ thoughts, there remains a more subtle form of reductionism that each statement taken in isolation can admit confirmation or disconfirmation.
Quine argued that “our statements about the external world face the tribunal of sense experience not individually, but only as a corporate body”.
He noted that the doctrine of holism was well argued by Pierre Duhem in a footnote of the reprinted article in his collected essays, From a Logical Point of View.
Quine proceeded to detail an “empiricism without the dogmas” in which knowledge is to be likened to a field of force where “a conflict with experience at the periphery occasions readjustments in the interior of the field.” Any statement can be held true when drastic adjustments are made “elsewhere in the system.”
Since empirical statements are interconnected, they cannot be singly disconfirmed. A particular statement can be made true with the adjustment of another statement. The two sub-theses has become known as the Duhem-Quine thesis.
Quine attributed the first sub-thesis to Duhem. Duhem would have recognized sub-thesis (i) as an offspring of his, but would not have fully agreed with it as formulated by Quine.
The underdetermination of the Duhem–Quine thesis held that for any given set of observations there is a large number of explanations. It is the same as Hume's critique of induction in essence.
The agreement in criticism asserted that empirical evidence cannot force the choice of a theory or its revision. Duhem's instrumentalism and Popper's thesis on falsification presented alternatives to induction.
Duhem used holism and underdetermination to consider the hypothetico-deductive method to test a theory. An observable prediction can be derived from the proposition under test. if the prediction comes out true, there is evidence for the theory. If not, we are said to have evidence against it.
Duhem explained that the method is much too simple. The scientist does not derive testable implications from the proposition alone. Implications come from that proposition and "a whole group of theories accepted by him..."
Newton's laws of motion and gravitation for the Solar System can be used to obtain an observable prediction, but those laws have to be used in conjunction with auxiliary hypotheses and assumed facts.
That only gravitational forces act on planets; assumptions about the relative masses of the planets, their satellites and the sun; or information about planetary velocities are derived from instruments whose correct functioning is based on the employment of still other theories; and so on.
Duhem now asks us to suppose that the prediction generated by this body of statements does not turn out true. Since no single hypothesis or theory entails the false prediction, but only a whole web of theory and alleged fact taken together, the evidence does not by itself indicate which member of that web is refuted. Nature is silent with respect to where the blame lies.
The evidence underdetermines which parts of the body are to be believed and which parts are not. The same should also go for evidence consistent with one's theory. No theory by itself entails an observable prediction.
There would simply be no fact of the matter with respect to which the evidence would support the prediction. The conclusion points to evidential holism. Evidence never bears on a proposition in isolation, but only on a body of propositions taken as a whole.
Duhem thought that his problem could be solved by the "good sense" of the practicing physicist. It was Quine who unleashed the problem of holism by extending it beyond a theory and its auxiliary assumptions to an entire body of statements.
Quine's holism is intimately related to his rejection of the analytic-synthetic distinction in the philosophy of language. An analytic statement is one that is true solely by virtue of its meaning. The assertion that 'All bachelors are unmarried' is categorically true. It is a priori.
A synthetic statement is one that is true or false by virtue of its meaning and how things turn out in the world. If all bachelors were less than five feet five inches tall, the assertion that 'Short men aren't husband material' would be an a posteriori synthesis.
Duhem–Quine is a conjoint thesis in the philosophy of science, but Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine stated different theses from different fields.
Pierre Duhem believed that experimental theory in physics is fundamentally different from fields like physiology and certain branches of chemistry. Duhem's conception of theoretical group has its limits. Not all concepts are connected to each other logically.
Quine conceived this theoretical group as a whole unit of human knowledge.
Late in his career Duhem was offered a professorship in Paris as a historian of science and not as a mathematical physicist. He refused the chance to work in Paris. He said that he was a mathematical physicist and did not want to get to Paris through the back door.
He died while on a walking holiday in Cabrespine. Some reports say it was a heart attack. Others reported that he died of a chest infection.
The question of impartial judgment extends back through history. What is it that makes judgment impartial? Is it precedent? Is it the blindness with respect for social status?
Consider 3 different views of induction as offered by Hume, Popper and Duhem.
Hume believed that reason did not play a role in the consideration of precedent. Passion was the real determinant force. Reason was insignificant unless it was driven by passion. Passion however lends itself to prejudice. Prejudice doesn't evaluate issues based on a productive value for society.
Some faction is given favor based on their position against something. The success of the Puritans was based on this kind of factional thought. The monarchy was judged to be corrupt. The Church of England was corrupt. The Catholic Church in Rome was corrupt.
The Puritans didn't have a better system for judgment. They had prejudice against everything that was established. Their bill of rights was too particular for the English Puritans to represent benefit for the society.
When Locke expressed his belief in the legislature as the supreme authority and professed the right to destroy any who would destroy him, he opened the door to too much aggression in political action. The enslavement of primitive people or genocide against natives became operative norms in 'civil' government.
Popper came after Duhem in time, but his version of induction wasn't critical of precedent. A statement had to be tested to see if it could be falsified or it wasn't scientific or certain. He denied the value of definitions in judgment. His method was so open that it didn't rule out enough of what was wrong about prior policy to qualify as beneficial.
Popper seemed to feel that he reduced the popularity of revolutions. He substituted the overthrow of elected governments with the vote when tyrannical, but dissatisfaction with not having factional predominance was used to claim that the incumbent government was tyrannical.
Duhem had underdetermined certainty in scientific judgment. The Communes in France were a new development. The indication was that judgement offered by the new officials was too confident in the new order. The new order had faith in freedom of religion.
He expressed confidence in the ability of the physicist to act as his own official. The underdetermined quality of knowledge however suggested that bureaucratic authority would predominate.
The science of the bureaucrat could find any proposal to be deficient, no matter how good it may have been. Even knowledge gained by testing with formulations regarding proportions in variability was lacked determination.
Induction has to have a way to critically assess for improvement in policy for the public. When a procedure is good enough to maintain, it can be replaced by something better provided that the proposal is valid and it doesn't cost too much to implement the reform.
When a policy is deficient, it needs to be replaced by something that is good enough to maintain.
When it isn't deficient, it doesn't need to be replaced. It can be modified however.
There was an incentive policy in place in the local school district. It included tokens for student participation. Students were allowed to use the restroom when they were doing their work.
Some local district administrator supported by some bureaucrat in the house of representatives in national government decided that the incentive policy wasn't good enough to maintain. It was replaced with a 'no hall pass' policy during class time. Incentives were removed.
Challenging student behaviors grew worse. There were times when a 'herd' of students would run through the halls to get away from some teacher or administrator. If you haven't seen over 40 students running through the halls at the same time, you can't really appreciate the term 'herd behavior.'
It was a public safety hazard. Any one of the students could have been trampled by the force of group.
I was working with a lawyer firm. The handwriting was on the wall, so to speak. Any one who supported incentives for education was likely to be set up for dismissal. I wrote to district administration to protest the 'no hall pass' policy. I wrote in favor of incentives. I recommended a modification for the incentive policy that involved less labor.
I was dismissed as predicted. I protested the decision with my report of the process. I put in my petition to be considered for an administrative position. I have not heard of any change.
It was after this point that I came to suspect that someone in Washington DC was involved in the support of the district administrator who made the policy change. Some underqualified elected official was manipulating events to disrupt smooth functioning in the public school system in order to prevent competition for his election.
Pierre Duhem
S. 皮埃尔杜赫姆
T. 皮埃爾杜赫姆
皮 Pi skin 皮 hi pelt Pie ぴえ- ピエ- Pi 피 blood
埃 ai Egypt 埃 ai dust ru る ル e 에 on
尔 er you 爾 ji you Du どぅ ドゥ leu 르 le
杜 Du restrict 杜 to woods hemu へむ ヘム Dyu 듀 dew
赫 he bright 赫 kaku brighten hem 헴 heme
姆 mu nurse maid 姆 mo nurse
--------------------------
Energy is conserved in transformation.
The moon lit the woods in confirmation.
The nurse rocked the infant as her affectionate occupation
===================
https://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Duhem.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Duhem
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duhem/
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