Announce

3.25.19

Announce
the Annunciation
宣布报喜 
Xuānbù bàoxǐ
受胎告知を発表する
Jutai kokuchi o happyō suru
ps40

I waited patiently for deliverance.
My hope was based on ignorance
but insisted on persistence.

Pain pressed for acceptance.
Escape was the only relevance.

The experience
was tainted with bitterness.

Expectation waited to pass the hope expected.
The wanting frustrated the detection.

Reflection on the past created fixation
on the duration of dilation.

Desolation is a fear with its own sensation.
Extrication felt like a revelation.

Such bounty was not a gift of chance.
I felt happy enough to dance.

I was lifted out of the darkness of the pit.
My feet were set on a ledge of cliff
where the strength of stone still sits.

My mouth was filled with a new song.
I sang it loud. I will sing it long.

I gave thanks for my deliverance.
I will never question the value of my existence.

Many will see and stand in awe.
They too will enjoy the thrall.

Happy are those who work with faith to overcome the odds.
They do not seek counsel from evil spirits or false gods.

Great are the things done by my Lord and God.
Wonders have been shown to deconstruct fraud.

That which was wrong has been indicated as detected.
It will be investigated for evidence of what needs to be corrected.

The annunciation announced the Son of the Most High
to be incarnate as the Christ Jesus to justify sighs
for justice on earth beneath the sky.

The young woman is with child to tell
the world will come to know Immanuel.

The Lord has taken no pleasure in sacrifice for murder.
Prosperity is for those who serve the Server.

By the offering of the body of Jesus Christ, we have been sanctified
for atonement from sin that salvation may be satisfied. 

It is written in the book about me:
'I love to do your will as the law that is to be.
You help the lame to walk and the blind to see.
My God you are the healer in whom I believe.'

Many troubles had crowded around me.
Sin had taken my feet and sight. I could not walk or see.

I have not hidden your service in my heart.
I have spoken of your deliverance as my grateful start.

I proclaimed faith as righteous in the congregation.
We will conserve earth's treasure as a measure of station
for the nation.

Do not withhold your compassion.
Let your love and security become the fashion.

Please be pleased with your deliverance.
My world has been saved by your existence.
Make haste to preserve your security.

Those with faith will increase in certainty.
Let those who seek to destroy life be dismayed.

Let their dismay turn them from plans to betray
those who put their hope in you in order to stay.

Let all those who seek you, rejoice and be glad.
You are our heavenly Dad.

You are my deliverer, my Lord and God.
Do not refrain from help for those who seek your awe.

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40 Expectans, expectavi

1 I waited patiently upon the Lord;
he stooped to me and heard my cry.
2 He lifted me out of the desolate pit, out of the mire and clay;
he set my feet upon a high cliff and made my footing sure.
3 He put a new song in my mouth,
a song of praise to our God;
many shall see, and stand in awe,
and put their trust in the Lord.
4 Happy are they who trust in the Lord!
they do not resort to evil spirits or turn to false gods.
5 Great things are they that you have done, O Lord my God!
how great your wonders and your plans for us!
there is none who can be compared with you.
6 Oh, that I could make them known and tell them!
but they are more than I can count.
7 In sacrifice and offering you take no pleasure
(you have given me ears to hear you);
8 Burnt-offering and sin-offering you have not required,
and so I said, "Behold, I come.
9 In the roll of the book it is written concerning me:
'I love to do your will, O my God;
your law is deep in my heart.'"
10 I proclaimed righteousness in the great congregation;
behold, I did not restrain my lips;
and that, O Lord, you know.
11 Your righteousness have I not hidden in my heart;
I have spoken of your faithfulness and your deliverance;
I have not concealed your love and faithfulness from the great congregation.
12 You are the Lord;
do not withhold your compassion from me;
let your love and your faithfulness keep me safe for ever,
13 For innumerable troubles have crowded upon me;
my sins have overtaken me, and I cannot see; *
they are more in number than the hairs of my head,
and my heart fails me.
14 Be pleased, O Lord, to deliver me;
O Lord, make haste to help me.
15 Let them be ashamed and altogether dismayed
who seek after my life to destroy it;
let them draw back and be disgraced who take pleasure in my misfortune.
16 Let those who say "Aha!" and gloat over me be confounded,
because they are ashamed.
17 Let all who seek you rejoice in you and be glad;
let those who love your salvation continually say,
"Great is the Lord!"
18 Though I am poor and afflicted,
the Lord will have regard for me.
19 You are my helper and my deliverer;
do not tarry, O my God.

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Isa. 7:14
The Lord himself will give you a sign. Look, the young woman is with child. She will bear a son and name him Immanuel.

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The young woman is with child to tell
the world will come to know Immanuel.

=======================

Hebrews 10:10
It is by God's will that we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.

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By the offering of the body of Jesus Christ, we have been sanctified,
for atonement from sin that salvation may be satisfied.

=======================

Luke 1:31
Now you will conceive in your womb and bear a son. You will name him Jesus. He will be great. He will be called the Son of the Most High. The Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David.

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The annunciation announced the Son of the Most High
to be incarnate as the Christ Jesus to justify sighs
for justice on earth beneath the sky.

=======================

The Equinox
3.20.19

Equinox- Equal length of night and day

The Annuciation is celebrated with proximity to the Spring Equinox.

The feast has been celebrated on March 25. It has commemorated  the belief that the spring equinox was not only the day of God's act of creation but also the beginning of Christ's redemption of that same creation from the earliest recorded history.

Many Christians observe the Annunciation with the feast as an approximation of nine full months before Christmas, the ceremonial birthday celebration of Jesus.

The Feast of the Annunciation was celebrated as early as the fourth or fifth century. The first certain mention of the feast is in a canon of the Council of Toledo in 656. It was described as celebrated throughout the Church.

Another observation was documented for the Council of Constantinople "in Trullo" in 692. It is often known as the Council in Trullo, because like the Sixth Ecumenical Council it was held in a domed hall in the Imperial Palace. Trullo means a cup or dome (τρούλος, troulos).

The council forbade the celebration of any festivals during Lent except for the Lord's Day (Sunday) and the Feast of the Annunciation. A Synod of Worcester, England in 1240 forbade all servile work on the feast.

The story celebrates the difficulty of a young woman who found that she was pregnant prior to her wedding. Mary was Jewish. She lived in Galilee during the Roman occupation. The Judean observation of the law was monotheistic at a time that preceded the conversion of Rome to monotheism.

The fullness of her courage is exemplified by her response to the angelic announcement of her pregnancy as both celestial and natural. The natural event became an emblem of the divine struggle to come to terms with the nobility of destiny. The struggle to rise above fate to meet the demands of a destined goal visits even those born in common circumstances.

She went on to get married. She carried her baby to term even though it would be known that she got pregnant prior to her marriage ceremony. Her courage is celebrated with the title, "Mother of God."

The Annunciation was the first step in the direction of her heroic struggle to maintain her responsibility as a woman of Galilee, a wife and a mother as Rome and imperial government moved to the conversion to monotheism with faith in the Christ Jesus.

----------------------------

Stephen Toulmin
b. 3.25.1922 London, England
d. 12.4.2009 Los Angeles, California

London

The city outgrew the County of London in the first few decades of the 20th century. The urban area grew faster than at any point before or since. Most of the development was suburban expansion into neighboring counties.

Semi-detached housing units, what Americans call duplexes, were favored over terraced houses. The duplexes were housing units connected by a single wall. The terraced units were a row of houses that shared side walls. A block looked like an apartment building.

The semi-detached units had yards. They weren't as efficient in the use of land, but they allowed for a domestic connection to nature. They were one step closer to the household model of an aristocratic estate.

The rapid expansion of the city swallowed up large swathes of the countryside. The Metropolitan Green Belt was introduced to restrict growth. Labor and material shortages contributed to the restriction. The County Council called for a single Authority to cover the entire area. This call was rejected by the Royal Commission on London Government in 1921.

Sharp rises in income and estate taxes made the cost of large houses unaffordable. British aristocrats sold their homes to private developers.

Virginia Woolf published her novel Mrs. Dalloway in 1925. It was about the life of a high society woman in post World War I England. The story travels forward and back in time with an interior perspective  in and out of the characters' minds to construct an image of Clarissa's life and of the inter-war social structure.

Stephen Toulmin

Stephen Toulmin was born in London on 25 March 1922 to Doris Holman and Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin.

He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College in Cambridge in 1943. He was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer soon after. He was assigned to the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station first. He was moved to the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany next.

He returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in moral science from Cambridge University at the end of World War II. He was influenced by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein on the meaning of language. His dissertation was published as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950).

He was appointed University Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Oxford University from 1949 to 1954 after his graduation. He wrote The Philosophy of Science: an Introduction (1953). He was appointed to the position of Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Melbourne University in Australia from 1954 to 1955. He returned to England to serve as Professor and Head of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Leeds from 1955 to 1959.

He published The Uses of Argument (1958) as an investigation of the flaws of traditional logic. It was one of his most influential books in the field of rhetoric. It was satirized as "Toulmin's anti-logic book" by his fellow philosophers at Leeds. The book was applauded by rhetoricians in the United States. Toulmin was invited to serve as a visiting professor at New York, Stanford and Columbia Universities in 1959.

He argued that absolutism represented by theoretical or analytic argument has limited practical value. Plato's idealized formal logic from the world of forms anticipated Aristotle's advocacy for universal truth. Absolutists believe that moral issues can be resolved by adhering to a standard set of moral principles regardless of context.

Toulmin contended that many of these so-called standard principles are irrelevant to real situations encountered in daily life. He introduced the concept of argument fields. He claimed that some aspects of argument vary from field to field.

These are called "field-dependent." Other aspects of argument are the same throughout all fields. These are called "field-invariant." The flaw of absolutism lies in its lack of awareness fo the field-dependent aspect. Absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant. Relativism tends to treat all arguments as 'different.' The cultural context for the reason is the only sigificanct feature.

He called for the use of practical argument as substantial for justificatory function. He contrasted this type with the absolutists' inferential function in theoretical argument.  Practical arguments find a claim of interest first, then provide justification for it. Theoretical argument makes inferences based on a set of principles to arrive at a claim. It is deductive.

Reason in general is less an activity of inference from logical principles. It is an act achievable through the process of justification. A good argument needs to provide sufficient justification for a claim.

He laid out a proposal for six interrelated components in the analysis of argument. It has to have a claim, ground, warrant, backing, rebuttal and qualifier. The claim is a statement. The sentence, "Harry was born in Bermuda, so he must be a British subject" claims that Harry is a British subject.

The ground appeals to data that serves as evidence to support the claim. The fact that Harry was born in Bermuda is the ground for the claim.

The statement "Someone born in Bermuda is a British citizen" provides a bridge to warrant the claim.
Backing is introduced when the warrant itself isn't convincing enough. "My training as a barrister with a specialization in citizenship taught me that a man born in Bermuda is a legal citizen" is an example.

A rebuttal recognizes a restriction as a counter to the general claim. Someone born in Bermuda is a legal citizen unless he has betrayed Britain by acting as a spy for another country.

Qualifiers have a Boolean aspect insofar as the degree of force of certainty concerning the claim is expressed. Such words or phrases include "possibly," "probably," "plausibly,"  "impossible," "certainly," "presumably," "as far as the evidence goes" and "necessarily." The statement that Harry is definitely a British citizen is more certain than Harry is presumably a citizen of Britain.

The first three elements, "claim," "ground," and "warrant," are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, though the "warrant" is often left implied.  The second triad, "qualifier," "backing" and "rebuttal," may not be needed in some arguments.

The appointment of a special prosecutor by the House of Commons in Great Britain or the House of Representatives in the US represents a kind of case where the value of practical argument is overstated to win votes.

Either house may be more interested in driving the chief official out of office to demonstrate the ability to do so as opposed to driving the person out of office because the accused was actually guilty of a criminal charge. The ability is demonstrated to show greater authority.

When accusation is followed by defamation, the claim is backed by personal attack as the ground for pressing the charge. It is not good practical argument, but with an aggressive media assault it has proved to be all too effective in persuading the public that the official was guilty of something, if not the charge that was pressed.

Toulmin's work was introduced to communication scholars in the States. It was recognized as as a good structural model for the analysis and criticism of rhetorical arguments.

Toulmin returned to London to hold the position of director of the Unit for History of Ideas of the Nuffield Foundation in 1960.

He returned to the United States in 1965. He held positions at various universities.

Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts (1972) was published while he was at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He examined the cause and process of conceptual change.

Major philosophical questions were viewed in the context of a novel comparison between conceptual change and Darwin's model of biological evolution. Conceptual change is analyzed as an evolutionary process.

He suggested in Human Understanding (1972) that anthropologists have been tempted to side with relativists because they have noticed the influence of cultural variations on rational arguments. The anthropologist or relativist overemphasized the importance of the "field-dependent" aspect of argument and neglected the "field-invariant" elements.

Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas in order to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism.

He attacked Thomas Kuhn's account of conceptual change in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). Kuhn believed that conceptual change is a revolutionary process (as opposed to an evolutionary process), during which mutually exclusive paradigms compete to replace one another.

Toulmin criticized the relativist elements in Kuhn's thesis. He argued that mutually exclusive paradigms provide no ground for comparison. Kuhn made the relativists' error of overemphasizing the "field variant" while ignoring the "field invariant" or commonality shared by all argumentation or scientific paradigms.

He proposed the evolutionary model of conceptual change comparable to Darwin's model of biological evolution in order to oppose the revolutionary model. Toulmin stated that conceptual change involves the process of innovation and selection.

Innovation accounts for the appearance of conceptual variation while selection accounts for the survival and perpetuation of the soundest conceptions.

Innovation occurs when the professionals of a particular discipline come to view things differently from their predecessors. Selection subjects the innovative concepts to a process of debate and inquiry in a "forum of competitions." The soundest concepts will survive the forum of competition as replacements or revisions of the traditional conceptions.

Concepts are either valid or invalid regardless of contexts from the absolutists' point of view. One concept is neither better nor worse than a rival concept from a different cultural context from the relativists' perspective. The evaluation depends on a process of comparison which determines whether or not one concept will improve explanatory power more than its rival concepts from Toulmin's perspective.

The use of the terms 'revolutionary' or 'evolutionary' have the intent to evoke interest in an intellectual debate. Either term however can convey support for excessive aggression in the promotion of a position.

Current events indicate that even non-violent revolutionary change can be used for the subversive subordination of executive authority to the manipulation of public perception. Evolutionary theory can seem like watching paint dry when contrasted with revolutionary change, but Darwin inserted elements into his theory that supported violence or excess in aggression for change.

Toulmin advanced a thesis that underscored the significance of history to human reason while at the University of Chicago in 1973. He argued that truth can be a relative quality that is dependent on historical and cultural contexts. This was a continuation his disagreement with Kuhn on "conceptual schema" as part of a "paradigm shift."

He worked with a national commission for the protection of human subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research. This commission was established by the United States Congress from 1975 to 1978.

He collaborated with Albert R. Jonsen to write The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988) during this time. He demonstrated the procedures for resolving moral cases.
One of his most recent works, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (1990) was written at Northwestern University. It specifically criticized the practical use and the thinning morality underlying modern science.

He traced the philosophers' "quest for certainty" back to René Descartes and Thomas Hobbes. He lauded John Dewey, Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger and Richard Rorty for abandoning that tradition.
Toulmin held distinguished professorships at numerous universities, including Columbia, Dartmouth College, Michigan State, Northwestern, Stanford, the University of Chicago and the University of Southern California School of International Relations while in the United States.

He died on 4 December 2009 in Los Angeles, California.

The Toulmin Model
Application
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ifc3FQ0WccU

The claim that Assad had used chemical weapons was not justified by the evidence. The ground for the claim was not established.

Warrants were developed on the basis of the US State Departments definition of a dictator of an authoritarian regime. Any elected official who is re-elected beyond the term limits that exist for the US is defined as a dictator or a president for life by this criteria for judgment.

The implication was that Assad was a dictator because his father was re-elected as president throughout his life.

The inference was drawn that the public would believe that a dictator like Assad would use chemical weapons. Term limits are not universal. The term limits for the US president are not necessarily good for the US.

Term limits have been used as a justification for invasion, air strikes and insurrection in the middle east. This has been done at the expense of the American, British and European taxpayers.

The anti-authoritative position was derived from the anti-monarchical position adopted by the Roman Republic when term limits of one year were applied to the two consuls who were elected supposedly for one term only.

The Roman Republic entertained kingdoms for a time as a polytheistic entity, but they also used slavery as a means to compete with governments without gladitorial contests as the primary basis for manumission.

The Romans did not have public education like the Athenians or the Spartans. They had training for slaves to become gladiators. They used slaves as soldiers to win wars with the Spartan style of warfare.

The Roman empire in Europe was organized as a unity of kingdoms by the authority of papal blessing after the college of cardinals and the pope rose to a position of prominence in Christendom. This was after Rome had been destroyed as the capital for the empire.

The Christian Roman empire did not have slavery. The polytheist empire did. The Reformation happened in opposition to the re-institution of slavery as a practice by the Spanish monarchy. Republican government was re-instituted with revolution with slavery.

British parliament organized a model for modern republic that outlawed slavery. This condition was negotiated with treaties with foreign powers.

The Muslim nations started to adopt constitutional government starting after the fall of the Ottoman empire in WWI.  A government does not have to have term limits for the executive authority to qualify as a constitutional republic. None of the European powers have term limits for their executives.

Obama was presenting an argument that had been presented to him by the US State Department and the liberal element of Congress along with covert agencies. It was all based on a claim that was not justified by investigation.

The special prosecutor appointed by the House of Representatives has been organized against the institution of conservative policy. This appointment is something that was modeled after something used by the House of Commons in Britain to promote the precipitation of profit from military conflict.

Any time that a monarch or a leader in parliament would rise up to promote conservative policy, he or she would be subjected to 'investigation' that included accusation followed by defamation in the press.

The accused was not allowed defense in a compensatory way. This method of 'prosecution' doesn't follow reasonable models for the judiciary. It is essentially subversive. It should not be allowed as a practice for government.