Vanessa Marcil
Look
to the
Maker
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ps121
Spectastis ad factorem
How does the state of law fit in the design of nature?
How well is reality defined by legal nomenclature?
I lift up my eyes to the hills.
Will help come to achieve my will?
Help will come from the Maker of heaven and earth.
Deliverance has come from the Father from before birth.
I looked to the Provider to give me strength
as has been done with satisfaction at length.
I looked to the Protector to defend myself
as a model to others to exert energy or stealth.
My foot will not be moved when the earth wills to act as the anchor.
I will move when the sky calls for movement as the answer.
Action is ordered by observation with the perception of the senses
to deflect that which is thrown from outside of personal defenses.
Truth in general requires diligence
to watch for error in prediction for vigilance
against false inference as absurdity in militance.
When rhetoric is taken as logical inference
the result can be as bad as the flight of Icarus.
The security that watches the order of borders
will correct the error that disorders the quarters
of our sons and daughters as explorers,
reporters, sorters and supporters.
Each person is sovereign over personal action
so long as the choice doesn't subordinate the state to factions.
When competition is used to judge what is best for the body
the individual prevails over thought that interprets self as a zombie.
When the limits of polity are not observed
gain from disagreement is not conserved.
Scripture is inspired by faith in God.
It is good for instruction to overcome adverse odds.
There is that which is right about belief in achievement
to overcome the defeat that comes by the anticipation of bereavement.
Religion teaches a moral code
for devotion that does not grow old
to reinforce what is right in faith that is bold.
Faith boldly declares emotional theory for practical application
for belief that precedes action that will result in satisfaction.
Law entertains liberty with respect for defense
that benefits from trade may result in success.
Security is for the preservation of rights.
Government is elected to resolve verbal fights.
Democracy is shaped by instruction for practical implementation.
Knowledge of the language is acquired by testing for application.
The internal element in education is tested by external formation
to work the either/or in choice for realistic formulations.
The will to murder is criminal intent
but lethal force is allowed against the deadly bent
when the deadliness is evident in an observed event.
The heat of the sun will not destroy you by day
when you work to conserve energy in the natural way.
The darkness of night will not let you be taken by surprise
when your movement is as stealthy as your vision will advise.
Goodness works against evil in the allegiance of alliance
as you work to develop cooperative self-reliance.
You will watch over your risk with respect for profit and safety.
Your exit or return will redirect that energy which is crazy.
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121 Levavi oculos
I looked
1 I lift up my eyes to the hills;
from where is my help to come?
2 My help comes from the Lord,
the maker of heaven and earth.
3 He will not let your foot be moved
and he who watches over you will not fall asleep.
4 Behold, he who keeps watch over Israel
shall neither slumber nor sleep;
5 The Lord himself watches over you;
the Lord is your shade at your right hand,
6 So that the sun shall not strike you by day,
nor the moon by night.
7 The Lord shall preserve you from all evil;
it is he who shall keep you safe.
8 The Lord shall watch over your going out and
your coming in,
from this time forth for evermore.
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Gen. 32:24-28
Jacob was left alone. A man wrestled with him until daybreak. When the man saw that he did not prevail against Jacob, he struck him on the hip socket. Jacob's hip was put out of joint as he wrestled with him. Then he said, 'Let me go for the day is breaking.' Jacob said, 'I will not let you go unless you bless me.' He said to him, 'What is your name?' He said, 'Jacob.' The man said, 'You shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel. You have striven with God and man and have prevailed.'
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When competition is used to judge what is best for the body
the individual prevails over thought that interprets self like a zombie.
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2 Timothy 3:14-16
Continue in what you have learned and firmly believed. Know from whom you learned it and how from childhood you have known the sacred writings that are able to instruct you for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. Scripture is inspired by God. It is useful for instruction, reproof, correction and for training in righteousness. This teaching is given so everyone who belongs to God may be proficiently equipped for every good work.
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Scripture is inspired by faith in God.
It is good for instruction to overcome adverse odds.
There is that which is right about belief in achievement
to overcome the defeat that comes by the anticipation of bereavement.
===============
Luke 18:6-8
The Lord said, 'Listen to what the unjust judge says. Will not God grant justice to his chosen ones who cry out to him day and night? Will he delay long in helping them? I tell you he will quickly grant justice to them. Yet when the Son of Man comes, will he find faith on earth?'
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Listen to what your judgment has to say
about your faith in sustainable action for gain
in the time framed by the day.
===============
The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries. They sought to 'purify' the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices.
The Puritan movement began as a part of the Protestant Reformation in England. King Henry VIII had broken ties with the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church in the first part of the 1500's. His daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, continued to move the country toward Protestantism.
The Puritans maintained that the Church had not been reformed in England. They wanted it to become more Protestant. They were dissatisfied with the English Reformation.
The Puritans emphasized the importance of an individual's personal relationship to God and to the Bible. They wanted to eliminate all frivolity and decoration from the church. This included organ music, stained-glass windows, incense and fancy religious robes. They forbade anything that drew attention away from one's inner spirituality.
They identified with various religious groups that advocated for Reformed Protestantism for personal and corporate piety. They adopted the Reformed theology of the Calvinists. Some advocated for separation from all other established Christian denominations. They favored autonomous gathered churches.
Richard Hooker was made a fellow of the society at Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1577. He was friends from his youth with a man named Rainoldes. Rainoldes would go on to become a Puritan leader.
He campaigned for Rainoldes in a losing effort for the election to the presidency for the college.
'Hooker was dismissed from the fellowship for contentiousness. He would later be reinstated when Rainoldes finally assumed the post, but the system for competition had become elevated in contentiousness with the Reformation. The Reformed Protestant movement didn't decrease the tension in the situation.
The Puritan view of Predestination excluded Roman practices. Calvin's sense of government was limited to local councils. The Puritans excluded the monarchy, the episcopacy and the Book of Common Prayer, but they developed a partisan form of election with the Whigs.
They were sectarian in their view of religion. Their doctrine of Predestination implied that people who didn't belong to their sect were to be punished for not having been predestined for leadership in purity.
They held a belief in the centrality of the inward spiritual life as reinforced by a theology in which the external elements are not effectual instruments. The externals were signs of a strictly invisible grace.
John Field wrote A View of Popish Abuses for the Puritan cause in religion. Thomas Wilcox wrote
An Admonition to Parliament to express the political aspect. Both were published abroad in 1572.
Field wrote that parishioners paid little attention during the liturgy. They were required to kneel when the name of Jesus was read, but not when God was.
The 'preaching' was usually limited to reading a selection about religious faith quickly. The Old Testament received more attention than the gospel. Cathedrals were called popish dens.
Hooker was drawn into the debate with the Puritans after he was appointed to preach at Paul's Cross in 1581. He was introduced to John Churchman, a distinguished London merchant who became Master of the Merchant Taylors Company. He married Jean Churchman, the landlady's daughter.
Walter Travers, a Puritan, was appointed afternoon lecturer at the Temple in London in 1581. Travers was the chief advocate of the Puritan party at the Lambeth conference of laymen and clergy in September 1584 .
He urged a reformation of the rubric. He proposed the abolition of private baptism, baptism by women, private communion, vestments, the reading of the apocrypha, pluralities and insufficient ministry. Nothing definite resulted from the conference.
Fr. Richard Hooker was appointed Master of the Temple in London by the Queen in 1585. He was drawn into a conflict with Travers, who was still a reader at the Temple. Hooker argued that salvation was possible for Roman Catholics.
Travers was silenced by the Archbishop in March 1586. The Privy Council strongly supported the decision.
Hooker started work on the Law of Ecclesiastical Polity about this time. It was a critique of the Puritans and their attacks on the Church of England.
It was also a defense of the Elizabethan settlement.
Richard Hooker (1554-1600)
The Lawes of Ecclesiastical Polity (1597)
Text
"The Laws of the Church, whereby for so many ages together we have been guided in the exercise of Christian religion and the service of the true God, our rites, customs, and orders of ecclesiastical government, are called in question: we are accused as men that will not have Christ Jesus to rule over them, but have wilfully cast his statutes behind their backs, hating to be reformed and made subject unto the sceptre of his discipline. Behold therefore we offer the laws whereby we live unto the general trial and judgment of the whole world..."
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When the limits of polity are not observed
gain from disagreement is not conserved.
===============
The Puritans grew in political influence in England as the Reformed Protestant movement grew in Europe.
Calvinists had agreement with Luther's doctrine of sola scriptura insofar as it rejected the papacy. They rejected the monarchy, the episcopacy and the sacraments as well. This was a reduction of the religious historical record as documented in the bible.
The Elizabethan settlement was rejected as a matter of course towards the elimination of the line of succession.
Locke would eventually reject arguments drawn from the scripture in public debate. The Whigs were dedicated to making the selection of a monarch a matter of election.
Hobbes argued for social contract for government during the English Civil War (1642-1651). Reason was to be the common element for the monarch, parliament and the public. Civil war and the brute situation of a state of nature could be avoided with a unified government.
The Word or the Logos of the gospel of St. John was to be that which determined reform in legislation as the chief concern for self-determination in the body of the nation.
Reason had to recognize the role that precedent set with respect for law. Tradition was an element of history. Written law was to determine the signification of intent by that which was constitutional for the society.
The empiricism of Locke not only declared the right to destroy those who would destroy the party, it affirmed the right to overthrow the government. He rejected much of the bible with his denial of the political doctrine associated with Adam.
The English bill of rights was harmful as legislated reform in that it defined rights with respect to English Protestants, Whigs in particular. The Whigs used the threat of rebellion as the means to steer benefit drawn from constitutional representation to their party.
The social contract for their liberal largesse meant that they could draw benefit for them and impose punishment on others for disagreement with their imposition of austerity on the public. Theirs was a policy of liberal parliamentarian control that was against what Bentham would come to call the utility of happiness.
The Puritans were so devoted to their opposition to the corruption of the papacy, monarchy, the episcopacy that they refused to speak of their plans for the people in public. Locke's Two Treatises were published anonymously during his life.
How could they go into to parliament and proclaim the intent to base government on the ability to overthrow it? Treason would be instituted as the primary element for making decisions 'for' the public.
Hobbes wrote about the same kind of thing that Berkeley would in his Principles of Human Knowledge. The Whigs were prone to make decisions without the benefit of speech or debate.
There is something to be said for immediate response to a threat when safety is threatened. If you have to get out of the way of something, the least amount of thought necessary is advisable in order to be able to get out of the way as quickly and as well as possible.
While thought is reduced to Spartan dimensions in a crisis, it still plays a role in responding to the immediacy of the event.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Leviathan (1651)
Error and Absurdity
Text
"When a man reckons without the use of words, which may be done in particular things, (as when upon the sight of any one thing, wee conjecture what was likely to have preceded, or is likely to follow upon it;) if that which he thought likely to follow, followes not; or that which he thought likely to have preceded it, hath not preceded it, this is called ERROR; to which even the most prudent men are subject. But when we Reason in Words of generall signification, and fall upon a generall inference which is false; though it be commonly called Error, it is indeed an ABSURDITY, or senseless Speech."
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Truth in general requires diligence
to watch for error in prediction for vigilance
against false inference as absurdity in militance.
===============
The empiricists were motivated by disagreement with the rationalism of Descartes. Descartes had rejected scholasticism as dependent upon that which others had found in reason. His thought was aimed at the personal reconstruction of classical material in terms of what his investigation could determine as meaningful in the Dutch republic and European society.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) proposed that the observation of nature was the way by which knowledge was determined. The five senses are necessary for investigation. The explanation of knowledge has to be organized with respect for sensory perception.
His Novum Organon (1620) had academic and legislative implications in organization that were separate from biblical elucidations. His system didn't reject classical studies. These were incorporated into a republican organization for parliament. He criticized the argument in the True Law of Free Monarchies as dogmatic declaration that ruled out experimental investigation.
This was accepted as a larger European revival of republic as the basis for imperial competition. Advances in astronomy and navigational techniques were seen as necessary for the global expansion of trade as a part of colonialism. The philosophy for this change in political philosophy was called Empiricism.
Locke had discarded innate ideas in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689). This view was critical of classical philosophy towards the end of obtaining results in parliament.
Plato held that the ideal forms for justice, piety and goodness were innate. Aristotle was more natural and less ideal with respect for the derivation of universals, but he didn't do away with innate ideas.
Descartes didn't disagree with Plato when it came to the idea of God as an internally implicit aspect of human nature.
Locke entertained agreement with Aristotle in terms of logical argument. Good examples of speculative innate ideas are the foundation for logical concepts that are sometimes dubbed “laws of thought.” These laws are associated with Aristotle.
Chief among these is the law of identity which simply states that an object is the same as itself. A=A in symbolic equation.
The chair in front of me is identical to the chair in front of me. The tree in the yard is identical to the tree in the yard. While this is painfully obvious, tautology is the baseline expression for logical truth. It plays an important role in the construction of logical systems.
The law of the excluded middle holds the intent to rule out contradiction. It is impossible for the same thing to belong and not to belong at the same time to the same thing in the same respect. The point can be stated more formally as not (P and not P). It is not the case that P and its opposite not-P exist at the same time in a logical argument.
The rule is suspect as a law for logic. The standard objection is that an apple is not an orange, but they are both fruit. The Puritans were engaged in the practice of arguing that the monarchy and those who agree with it are corrupt.
Their argument logically reduced to the base presumption that all that which had been incumbent was corrupt. The only way to correct the problem was to overthrow the government with rebellion in order to start with Aristotle's logic as the basis for making law.
Their definition of human nature presumed that the eradication of corruption justified Whig dictatorship as the alternative. Even though they wouldn't explain how they were better, they were willing to rebel to overthrow the monarchy as a tyranny.
This they were willing to impose as the rule of law for their empire in their colonies. It is not hard to imagine why they chose to avoid debate on the matter. They were only interested in establishing the Whig party as the dominant force for parliament. The Prime Minister was simply the spokesman for the party. If things didn't work it was his fault.
Berkeley's immaterialism was opposed to that which was wrong with the Whig avoidance of reason. He was an advocate for mind as the means to interpret the data of the senses.
His argument against abstraction as expressed in the definition of triangles was a rhetorical disagreement with what was wrong with classical reason. It was a defense of free speech against the non-speech of the Whigs and Puritans.
Hume dismissed standard accounts of causality and argued that our conceptions of cause-effect relations are grounded in habits of thinking, rather than in the perception of causal forces in the external world itself.
He strove to create a total naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature in A Treatise of Human Nature (1740). He held that passion rather than reason governs human behavior.
He argued that "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions". He also denied the existence of innate ideas. He posited that human knowledge is grounded only in experience.
David Hume (1711-1776)
A Treatise of Human Nature (1740)
Text
"'Tis easy for one of judgment and learning, to perceive the weak foundation even of those systems, which have obtained the greatest credit, and have carried their pretensions highest to accurate and profound reasoning. Principles taken upon trust, consequences lamely deduced from them, want of coherence in the parts, and of evidence in the whole, these are every where to be met with in the systems of the most eminent philosophers, and seem to have drawn disgrace upon philosophy itself."
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When rhetoric is taken as logical inference
the result can be as bad as the flight of Icarus.
===============
The Whigs had managed to impose a parliamentarian controlled government even with the preservation of the monarchy. The objection to this was that the ruling party dictated policy to both the Prime Minister and the Monarch. Their only liberty was in how to express agreement with the parliamentarian dictate.
The Empiricists had expressed disagreement with the rational thought that contributed to the re-instatement of slavery with the trade, but they conceded that the experience of republic had allowed it in the competition with monarchy.
The monarchy of the time had allowed the practice as preferable to genocide. The presumption that genocide was an acceptable policy to a rebellious nation was assumed as necessary.
The monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire had allowed serfdom as the form of residential labor.
Slavery as Berkeley saw it could only be seen as a tool of civilizing the world, if manumission were to be instituted as a requirement.
The difficulty was that slavery was allowed as a de facto practice. It wasn't explicitly sanctioned by written law.
The first rule of 'fight club' is to not speak about 'fight club.'
This was a large part of the significance for the objection expressed by both Hobbes and Berkeley regarding the Puritan advice to not reckon with words. That about which nothing was written or spoken was not subject to debate in parliament. It was the liberal way to control the means of destruction for enslavement.
The first legislation enacted by British parliament was the Slave Trade Act of 1788. This law limited the number of people that a slave ship could transport based on the size of the ship by weight in tons.
The written law didn't allow the trade or the practice in words. That which had been written by the emperor in the 16th century did not approve it for his kingdom in Spain.
Bentham and J.S. Mill were in agreement regarding the principle that legislation has to look at the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It was a way to redirect those legislators who were dedicated to the use of their office to exploit the taxpayers' money for their gain at the expense of the economy.
The greatest happiness suggested that those things that promoted misery in the body, like slavery, could be outlawed, while those things that had a beneficial value, like the medicinal or recreational use of alcohol, should not be legislated against. Individual infraction should be corrected with punishment for the individual who threatened to cause damage with something like drunk driving.
It follows in this line of reason that guns should not be outlawed as they are to be used for defense.
The prohibition of marijuana is similar to that of alcohol. The substance can be used medicinally or recreationally. Individual infractions regarding the endangerment of safety for others need to be punished individually.
The philosophy had to persuade the people as well as the legislators that something like slavery could be outlawed. It proved necessary to make the agreement international in scope with treaties. If it were to be allowed by some, it would be an international problem.
Mill joined the debate over scientific method. The debate followed John Herschel's 1830 publication of A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy. The discourse incorporated inductive reasoning from the known to the unknown to discover general laws in relation to specific facts for the empirical verification the laws.
William Whewell expanded on this in his 1837 History of the Inductive Sciences. The history extended from the earliest to the time of publication.
This was followed in 1840 by The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. The philosophy was drawn from the history. It presented induction as the mind superimposing concepts on facts. Laws were self-evident truths which could be known without need for empirical verification.
Mill countered this in 1843 in A System of Logic. The logic was ratiocinative and inductive. The system was connected to the principles of evidence and the method of scientific investigation. Law was discovered through observation in Mill's method of induction, like Herschel's. Empirical verification was required.
Hobbes had presented a system of reason as drawn from the bible. Principles for reason were offered as the means to make decisions regarding legal precedent that were ostensibly viewed as beneficial for the larger body.
Locke had brushed aside the political philosophy regarding the experience of Adam as drawn from the bible to favor the logic of Aristotle. That Cyrus had set the captives free was a part of this experience.
The argument for slavery by Aristotle made his logic fundamentally anti-democratic despite the advocacy for election. The dominant group established control of the larger body for the benefit of the party. The party blamed the leadership for the despotism of the party.
Biblical principles for reason were treated as a form of asceticism by the time of Bentham and J.S. Mill. The longstanding benefit from the organization of administration for bodily benefit from the law with the implicit conservatism of monarchy was replaced with revolutionary zeal for republican democracy.
Foreign born monarchs were selected to limit their knowledge of the language. Foreign colonies in the British part of North America were all but ordered to rebel against the 'tyranny' of the king.
Liberal spending to support revolution for republican government was most likely authorized by Parliamentarian committees. The foreign born monarch was set up to look like the straw man for the tyranny of parliamentarian decisions.
Selection by the royal line of succession was presented as contrary to the work of the will for representation through election by those who favored a partisan parliamentarian dominance. There has always been a competition for selection in royal families. The competition is reduced to inheritance as a matter of birth to deter ascension by military conquest.
The presumption that election would result in something that would outlaw the reintroduction of slavery was set aside to champion the notion that government could be overthrown by the vote for "pleasure."
The people were fed a steady diet of news paid for by the liberal element in Parliament. They wanted the people to believe that anything that was wrong with government policy was the fault of the tyrannical monarchy and those who supported it.
Even the science of the time was solicited to condemn conservative principles of government as ascetic and theocratic. The conservative policy of the monarchy as defended by biblical political principles did not impose asceticism.
Austerity was demanded by the Whigs in order to increase their political power. A derivative of Aristotle and John Calvin provided them with the way to climb in social status to establish their corruption as though it were purified from that of the papacy and the monarchy.
This said the argument against asceticism in legislation provided a lever to work against the Whigs and their quest for dominance. The 'overthrow' of government by election could be achieved by voting for those who supported conservative reform.
J. S. Mill has been called a classical liberal, but his reform was achieved in terms of the classical system of election as dominated by the faction of male voters. It was a case where parliament reformed a parliamentarian error. This was an act in accord with their purpose as a legislative body in a monarchical system.
J.S.Mill (1806-1873)
On Liberty (1859)
https://www.utilitarianism.com/ol/one.html
"A time, however, came in the progress of human affairs, when men ceased to think it a necessity of nature that their governors should be an independent power, opposed in interest to themselves. It appeared to them much better that the various magistrates of the State should be their tenants or delegates, revocable at their pleasure. In that way alone, it seemed, could they have complete security that the powers of government would never be abused to their disadvantage. By degrees, this new demand for elective and temporary rulers became the prominent object of the exertions of the popular party, wherever any such party existed; and superseded, to a considerable extent, the previous efforts to limit the power of rulers."
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Security is for the preservation of rights.
Government is elected to resolve verbal fights.
===============
The relationship between theology and philosophy has been long-debated and discussed within the Christian tradition. The author to Colossians issued a warning that the Puritans chose to ignore.
Colossians 2:8
See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deception, according to the elementary principles of the world, rather than according to Christ.
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Justin Martyr saw Christianity as true philosophy. Heraclitus and Socrates were seen as having wisdom about the divine light of revelation.
Augustine has been described by Orthodox Christians as too Neo-Platonic in his theology, but he did much to explain his agreement with the Ecumenical Councils to the fringe and exterior of Roman empire.
Thomas Aquinas had success in interpreting Aristotle in the light of Christian theology with biblically based political thought. Others gave Aristotle too much credit as the philosopher. Individual research in scientific inquiry was repressed to elevate the findings of Aristotle to the level of established truth.
The selection exercised by Aquinas accepted monarchy as the best form for government. Aristotle's argument for slavery may have been lost to history when classical thought was reduced to those who could afford to pay for tutors, but somehow the pope and the college of cardinals managed to deter slavery from being viewed as Christian or Catholic.
Alcuin was a large influence in his persuasion to Charlemagne to make baptism a voluntary act but the gospel itself was a celebration of a faith that welcomed the personal dimension in action.
Kant had taken Hume's induction as the inspiration for his history of philosophy as an exposition for pietist idealism. He established that the golden rule was based on empathy. Empathy was the categorical imperative for the foundation of moral reason.
Kant modified the rule to guide the new emphasis of government for legislation by parliament. He advised that an individual must act in a way that he could will for others as law.
Citizen thought for the importance of law would serve the state in the consideration of legislation. The excess of his idealism was expressed in his recommendation for a perpetual peace based on universal disarmament.
Royce's early studies in Germany were continued at the Johns Hopkins University. Germany was a major source of education for the US during the 19th century.
Royce concentrated on the development of post-Kantian idealism. His philosophical work as a whole may be regarded as a committed idealist's effort to understand the place of finite individuals in an infinite universe.
The correspondence theory of knowledge affirms that an idea or judgment is true if it correctly represents its object. Error occurs when an idea does not do this correctly.
Finite minds entertain false ideas. Royce pointed out that in such a case the mind contains the idea and its object, while it is “pointing toward,” the idea's true object.
How is it that the fallibility of correspondence theory results in the knowledge of truth?
Consider what happens in an ordinary example of error. If I think that my keys are on the table, but later discover that they are in my pocket, I do not conclude that my keys never existed as the object of my thought.
I focus on the idea that I had all along. My keys exist somewhere. The keys, their location and all relevant facts about them are the true object of an idea. When the keys are found so is the truth of their existence.
The Whigs and their Puritan representatives had managed to exorcise the theologically anthropological safeguards from the bible in their reincarnation of the Greek empire. They eliminated large parts of the civilized development of European culture to promote the worst of the bible as a historical record.
They were worse than the Spanish in the use of the gospel as an olive branch to lull natives into the expectation of friendly relations.
While England was allowed to retain the monarch for the development of the United Kingdom, the liberals used constitutional expression as a promise for respect for rights for colonists in the republican form for government. The liberals in Congress or Parliament acted as covert agents for making the people meet their demands.
Vespasian and Josephus had envisioned a monotheism that would work the conversion of polytheistic forms into the state religion. There was a pattern for conversion that was to be worked out with natives. There were wars and stories of war for claims to title in feudal land management.
The Romans had established a practice for achieving administrative goals by the logical conversion and extension of existing forms. Worship in religious rites was a way to institute patterns of expectation for citizens with prayer. Religion was the vehicle for the automation of idealism.
Royce saw that the discussion of the religious elements for Christianity as a religion would make discussion regarding intent functionally plausible. God could be pointed to with reference to the absolute. The Trinity was a symbolic allusion to community. Community was an integration of families into an incorporated network of participation in elected government.
The plan for building civilization with the incorporation of communities into republican government was limited by the Calvinist convention. He had overstated the importance of local councils as the means to overcome the amount of corruption in human nature as embodied in political leadership.
The heritage of Adam is a symbolic representation of royal family. It refers to the experience of administrative structure for people to work things out at local, state and national levels for international alliance or cooperation.
While there has been a great deal of error in the extension of faith. Religion has been used as a force for the establishment of the mood of power in political leadership. The error however was an indication of the existence of that which is true about religion as a vehicle for faith.
Religion according to the bible is supposed to be the context for understanding faith in an expanding context that can assimilate religious beliefs from outside of the cultural expression documented in the bible. The moral code, devotion to the inspiration for the code and the theoretical extension for it are the elements that constitute religion as a cultural value.
The elements are the basis for the assimilation of religious concepts and beliefs into the corpus of doctrine for instruction.
Josiah Royce (1855-1916)
The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (1885)
Text
"These three elements then, go to constitue any religion. A religion must teach some moral code, must in some way inspire a strong feeling of devotion to that code, and in so doing must show something in the nature of things that answers to the code or that serves to reinforce the feeling. A religion is therefore practical, emotional, and theoretical. It teaches us to do, to feel, and to believe, and it teaches the belief as a means to its teaching of the action and of the feeling."
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Religion teaches a moral code
for devotion that does not grow old
to reinforce what is right in faith that is bold.
Faith boldly declares emotional theory for practical application
for belief that precedes action that will result in satisfaction.
===============
John Dewey
b. 10.20.1859 Burlington, Vermont
d. 6.1.1952 New York, New York
John Dewey was a pragmatist. Pragmatism was a development of empiricism. It wasn't as concerned with legislation as the Utilitarians.
His pragmatism was invested in the reconstruction of classical thought for modern society. Education was defined as a tool for reshaping the theory of experience with functional logic. Dewey's philosophy of education was something that J.S. Mill had advised against. Mill thought that it would become too state controlled.
Dewey's written work on education included experiment in student investigation. It was that which Francis Bacon had identified as an essential feature in the experience of reconstruction for purposeful participation in government.
Research is investigatory in its own right, but it was felt that exploration with experiment was more meaningful than the research of what others had to say about things. It was a pragmatic approach to education.
Experiment has a strong association with the physical sciences, but there exercises in language, math and history that qualify as experimental to the student level of experience.
A teacher can deliver a brilliant series of lectures on a topic in their field for instruction, but if the student isn't tested for the retention of knowledge in application, the instruction was an exercise in the modeling of how to lecture.
While public speaking is a skill that is worthy of imitation when it displays artistic merit, students have to experience the test of their level of memory retention of the vocabulary.
They have to see if they can apply the skill in language, math or science to solve problems at their grade level. Each test is an experiment that evaluates student achievement.
While everyone who has been educated has the experience of classroom instruction, the theory of experience is focused on what works best for education.
Experiment played an important role in this, but even experiment in physical science was limited by practical constraints like the cost for materials, class time and safety.
Dewey was critical from the left from the position of a democratic socialism. Rorty would follow him in this regard. Some leading European educators were also critical.
Marxists have learned to criticize the radical elements of his economic theory, but the economic theory still blames capitalism for that which is wrong with society.
It still puts government in a position where the economy is regulated for the power of government officials over business interests and the general population.
Even "democratic" socialism becomes an exercise in increasing the power of government over people. Anti-democratic factions struggle to control the body from extreme positions.
Pragmatism focused on the product of beliefs. If the product wasn't beneficial for the community, it was a personal matter that didn't effect public discourse unless it damaged bodily health or property.
Democratic socialism produces harmful policy in terms of the government control of democracy in a republic or kingdom. Populist factionalism in media expression institutes prejudice against the majority to establish anti-democratic practice.
The radical feminist agenda has not just targeted leading conservatives, it has promoted public prejudice against those who don't agree with the claim to power over due process in law.
The book Experience and Education was published in 1938. Experience was defined in purposeful learning, intelligence and experiment. Skill in investigation was the objective for instruction. Students were to be prepared for lifelong self-instruction.
Dewey was born in northern Vermont a little after the middle of the 19th century.
Burlington
Burlington is the largest city in Vermont in population. It is 45 miles (72 km) south of the Canadian border. The city has a population of 42,417 according to the 2010 US census.
Burlington is home to the University of Vermont. The university was founded as a private institution in 1791, the same year Vermont became the 14th US state.
It was the first American college or university with a charter declaring that the regulations would not give preference to any religious sect or denomination.
UVM defied custom and admitted two women as students in 1871. It initiated the first African American into the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1877.
The town's position on Lake Champlain helped it develop into a port of entry and center for trade. The Champlain Canal was completed in 1823; the Erie Canal in 1825; and the Chambly Canal in 1843. Wharves allowed steamboats to connect freight and passengers with the Rutland & Burlington and Vermont Central Railroad.
Burlington became a bustling lumbering and manufacturing center despite the remote location.
John Dewey
John Dewey was born in Burlington on October 20, 1859.
He graduated from UVM in 1879. He received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1884.
He taught at the University of Michigan (1884-1894). He joined the newly founded University of Chicago in 1894. He developed his belief in Rational Empiricism in association with the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy.
He initiated the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. He actualized the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, The School and Society (1899).
He was professor of philosophy at Columbia University from 1904 to his retirement in 1930.
He was one of the founders of the New School for Social Research in 1919.
His influence endures in psychology, philosophy and education. He believed in the unity of theory and practice. His work Democracy and Education (1916) was a comprehensive statement of his position.
Experience and Education (1938) was a concise statement of his ideas about education. He analyzed both "traditional" and "progressive" education. He found both to be inadequate. Each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience.
His philosophy predicts an American educational system that respects all sources of experience in a learning situation that is historical, social, orderly and dynamic.
He argued that the quality of an educational experience was critical for individual development. Social and interactive processes were stressed to shape experience in society.
John Dewey (1859-1952)
Experience and Education (1938)
Text
"MANKIND likes to think in terms of extreme opposites. It is given to formulating its beliefs in terms of Either-Or, between which it recognizes no intermediate possibilities. When forced to recognize that the extremes cannot be acted upon, it is still inclined to hold that they are all right in theory but that when it comes to practical matters circumstances compel us to compromise. Educational philosophy is no exception. The history of educational theory is marked by opposition between the idea that education is development from within and that it is formation from without; that it is based upon natural endowments and that education is a process of overcoming natural inclination and substituting in its place habits acquired under external pressure."
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The internal element in education is tested by external formation
to work the either/or in choice for realistic formulations.
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John Dewey
S. 约翰 杜威
T. 約翰杜威
约 Yue treaty 約 yaku about Jon ジョン じょん Jon 존 zone
翰 han writing 翰 kan letter Dyu デュ- でゅ- Dyu 듀 dew
杜 Du to stop 杜 zu woods i イ い i 이 this
威 wei prestige 威 i intimidate
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Democracy is shaped by instruction for practical implementation.
Knowledge of the language is acquired by testing for application.
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