U.S. Border
Respect
Borders
尊重边界
Zūnzhòng biānjiè
尊敬の境界線
Sonkei no kyōkai-sen
Respectu termini
ps112
Respect for borders honors rights.
Lack of respect loses sight.
Happy are those who revere the Lord
with reverence for the commandments accord.
Their descendents will be mighty in the land.
The generation of the upright will be at hand.
Health and wealth will be in their house with order.
Relations will show respect for borders.
Sight is divined in the dark for those with faith.
The reflection of light is low but visible for those who wait.
The righteous don't race to punish.
Evidence is sorted to correct or admonish.
Time is generous in lending for goodness.
Affairs are managed for practical fulfillment.
Wisdom in mercy is kept in remembrance.
Benign judgment is the entrance to temperance.
The humble heart is opened to prayer
to ask pardon for sin as the way to avoid error.
Judgment is like a net that is thrown into the sea.
Good fish are saved. The bad are thrown back to flee.
The Lord will share counsel to show knowledge
in the removal of ignorance as some form of blockage.
Wisdom will be shown from what has been learned
for the glory of the law in the covenant discerned.
Rumors deceive those who are needful.
Disagreement with false statement turns away the deceitful.
Faith that will not shrink is established with heart
until correction is attained as a new start.
The poor will find the way to produce value.
The productive will maintain belief in the 'can do' attitude.
Those who harm to inflict damage
will be alarmed to see how they mismanaged vantage.
--------------------------
112 Beatus vir
Blessed are they
1 Hallelujah!
Happy are they who fear the Lord
and have great delight in his commandments!
2 Their descendants will be mighty in the land;
the generation of the upright will be blessed.
3 Wealth and riches will be in their house,
and their righteousness will last for ever.
4 Light shines in the darkness for the upright;
the righteous are merciful and full of compassion.
5 It is good for them to be generous in lending
and to manage their affairs with justice.
6 For they will never be shaken;
the righteous will be kept in everlasting remembrance.
7 They will not be afraid of any evil rumors;
their heart is right;
they put their trust in the Lord.
8 Their heart is established and will not shrink,
until they see their desire upon their enemies.
9 They have given freely to the poor,
and their righteousness stands fast for ever;
they will hold up their head with honor.
10 The wicked will see it and be angry;
they will gnash their teeth and pine away;
the desires of the wicked will perish.
--------------------------
Sirach 39:5,7-8
He opens his heart to prayer
and asks pardon for his sin.
The Lord will direct his counsel and knowledge
as he meditates on his mysteries.
He will show the wisdom of what has been learned
for the glory in the law of the Lord's covenant.
---------------------------
The humble heart is opened to prayer
to ask pardon for sin as the way to avoid error.
The Lord will share counsel to show knowledge
in the removal of ignorance as some form of blockage.
Wisdom will be shown from what has been learned
for the glory of the law in the covenant discerned.
====================
Matt. 13:47
The kingdom of heaven is like a net that was thrown into the sea and caught fish of every kind. When it was full, they drew it ashore and sat down. They put the good into baskets but threw out the bad.
------------------------------
Judgment is like a net that is thrown into the sea.
Good fish are saved. The bad are thrown back to flee.
======================
Una Voce
Non Uno Ore
Alcuin of York
c. 735, York, Northumbria
d. 19 May 804, Tours, Carolingian Empire
Alcuin of York was an English scholar, clergyman, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court at the invitation of Charlemagne. He was made Abbot of Tours in 796 where he remained until his death. He is counted among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance.
Charlemagne
When Pepin the Short became king in 752 it ended the Merovingian dynasty and started the Carolingian. He was succeeded by his son Charlemagne in 768.
Charlemagne expanded the borders of the kingdom to defend the Pope. He conquered the Lombards in northern Italy. He took an area in northern Spain that became known as the Spanish March to protect his southern borders from the Muslims in Spain.
He conquered the Saxons to stop their raids from the Saxons. He took some territory from the South Slavs and the Avars to protect his eastern border as well. This became known as the Eastern March or Ostmark. Ostmak would eventually become Austria.
Charlemagne became the first person since the fall of Rome to control the majority of continental Europe due to his military success.
York
York is located in the northern part of the kingdom of England.
The city was founded in 71 CE when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss.
The fortress walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion. It was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers and covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha). The site of the principia (HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster. Excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.
The Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus and Constantius I all held court there during their various campaigns. The Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior during his stay 207–211. It is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a 'colonia' or city.
Constantius I died in 306 during his stay in York. His son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress in 306. A bishop from York attended the Council at Arles in 314 to represent Christians from the province.
While the Roman colonia and fortress were located on high ground, the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss by 400. The population was reduced. York declined in the post-Roman era. It was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.
Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria. York became his chief city. The first wooden minster church was built for the baptism of Edwin in 627 according to the Venerable Bede. Edwin ordered that the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone. He was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald.
Alcuin
Alcuin was an Englishman from York. He was born into a noble family about 730. He was educated by a pupil of Bede.
He was made a teacher of the cathedral school at York. He was made the director of St. Peter's School around 770 after he was ordained as a deacon. He was asked by the Emperor Charlemagne to become his minister of education in 781.
Charlemagne realized that he needed educated people to administer his kingdom given the size. He decided that he would start an education program headed by the finest scholar he could find.
The church in York had been founded by Irish missionaries. It was a major center for education. Alcuin had been educated by Archbishop Egbert, the student of the Venerable Bede. He had played an important role in reviving the late Roman classical arts in the school.
He was welcomed at the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen (Urbs Regale) in 782. It had been founded by the king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children. They were educated mostly in manners and the ways of the court but Charlemagne wanted to include classical education and the study of the religion.
Alcuin taught Charlemagne, his sons Pepin and Louis, the young men sent to be educated at court and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel from 782 to 790. He brought his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf and Joseph with him from York.
Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the Palace School. He introduced Charlemagne to the liberal arts. He created a personalised atmosphere of scholarship to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'.
Many ancient writings had been lost in the preceding years of constant wars and invasions. Alcuin established the scriptorium as a place to the copy and preserve ancient manuscripts, both pagan and Christian. That we have as much as we do of the writings of classical Roman authors is largely due to Alcuin and his scribes.
He is credited with the invention of cursive script. The letters were connected for greater speed of writing. Much of the credit for the revision and organisation of the Latin liturgy, the preservation of many of the ancient prayers and the development of plainchant belongs to Alcuin backed by Charlemagne.
He disagreed with the emperor over his policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death. He argued, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed. Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.
Third Council of Aachen
5 November 809 -810
He and his fellow theologians at Charlemagne's capital of Aachen (or Aix-le-Chappelle) were important advocates of the doctrine that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son jointly.
The Filioque clause was the object of this Council. It was a subtle addition to the Holy Trinity dogma. Filioque means Son. It was added to the end of the Niceo-Constantinopolitan creed ("The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son").
Italian and Frankish priests discovered the clause during the 8th century and started using it. Pope Leo III was against the idea. It was regarded as heretical in the East. He tasked Charlemagne with the organization of a Council to regulate it.
The Council was held in Aachen, Frankish capital, at the end of 809. Frankish bishops based their discussions on the works of Theodulf of Orleans and Alcuin of York. They declared the Filioque legitimate.
The Roman Empire adopted it despite opposition from both the Byzantine Emperor and the Pope. The addition would not be endorsed by Rome until 1014 even after it had been adopted by the western empire.
The Filioque clause would come to create friction with the Investiture controversy. Bishops and kings compete for authority over territory and authority.
It wouldn't take long before the Carolingian dynasty would suffer from both overreach at the borders for the empire and in the competition to expand the claims between kings in the empire. The clause lacked distinctiveness for different roles.
The addition of the clause was political. It challenged the Pope's authority as well as the Byzantine Empire's orthodoxy. Charlemagne had chosen his title to challenge the sovereignty from Constantinople.
He was crowned Imperator Romanorum, Emperor of the Romans. When the barbarian Odoacer had become the king of Italy in 476 he deposed the last Western Roman Emperor.
The Western Empire was not eradicated. It was merged it with the Eastern Empire by way of the title, Emperor of the Romans. This was the title that Charlemagne claimed. It denied the authority claimed by Empress Irene of Constantinople.
Provocations put Charlemagne in a position of strength while negotiating the Pax Nicephori with Nikephoros I (803-811), but the advantage was for his advantage, not that of the empire. The Byzantine emperor had enough problems with Arabs and internal issues. He could not afford an open confrontation against the Franks. It can also be seen as an answer to Nikephoros' pro-iconoclast religious politics.
The East regarded the Emperor at Byzantium as the sole Emperor for the Romans. They resented Charlemagne's assumption of the title. This hardened their opposition to the aforesaid doctrine and contributed to the rift between East and West.
A collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes ("Problems to Sharpen Youths") is attributed to Alcuin. The scholar claimed to have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness" to Charlemagne in a letter dated in 799.
Some scholars have identified this reference with the Propositiones. The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems with solutions in no particular pedagogical order.
Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence. Many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial letters.
He wrote letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne. There are 311 letters that are extant. These communications are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time. They are the most reliable authority for the history during the Carolingian age.
Alcuin trained numerous monks of the abbey in piety. It was in the midst of these pursuits that he died in May 804.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin
http://www.breakpoint.org/2011/10/alcuin-york-c-735-804/
http://satucket.com/lectionary/Alcuin.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York
