Discover
Truth
发现真相
Fāxiàn zhēnxiàng
真実を発見する
Shinjitsu o hakken suru
ps114
Discover truth
for your youth.
Discovery is a creative act.
When you define a thing it becomes a fact.
The ladybug sat on the white phlox above the sedge
as the bright sun shown on the flower box on the ledge.
Reality produces creation by design.
Design expressed by me is mine.
When perception came out of anguish
conflict became a foreign language.
Courage became our sanctuary;
learning our actuary
over the adversary
adversity.
Have mercy.
Creation by discovery divines design.
Goodness is the quality we seek to find.
Discovery was a creative act.
Creation became an actual fact.
Ignorance looked and fled.
The stream of consciousness was fed.
Creativity leapt with joy.
The lion became the lamb's great toy.
Why did the stream of thought change?
What produced the strangeness in range?
What made ignorance flee?
Was it the discovery of creativity?
Discovery is a creative act.
The created acquires heart in fact.
Tremble at the presence
of the essential essence.
The Teacher teaches the student to discover truth.
The student looks for facts like a sleuth.
Find new information.
Observe your sensation.
Transcend encumbrance.
Infer knowledge from substance.
Sense that which is actual.
Translate this sense into the factual.
The sleuth records that which is found.
Results are shared to test for common ground.
Creation by discovery divines design for reality.
Goodness is the basis for healthy morality.
This tower for faith
leads to understanding the inner wraith.
Discovery is a creative act.
When you define a thing it becomes a fact.
Discover truth
for your youth.
Yeah Yah!
We're in awe!
You're the law!
Yeah Yah!
---------------------------
114 In exitu Israel
When Israel left
1 Hallelujah!
When Israel came out of Egypt,
the house of Jacob from a people of strange speech,
2 Judah became God's sanctuary
and Israel his dominion.
3 The sea beheld it and fled;
Jordan turned and went back.
4 The mountains skipped like rams,
and the little hills like young sheep.
5 What ailed you, O sea, that you fled?
O Jordan, that you turned back?
6 You mountains, that you skipped like rams?
you little hills like young sheep?
7 Tremble, O earth, at the presence of the Lord,
at the presence of the God of Jacob,
8 Who turned the hard rock into a pool of water
and flint-stone into a flowing spring.
---------------------------
Belief for Understanding
Anselm of Canterbury
b. 1033, Aosta, Arles, Holy Roman Empire
d. 21 April 1109, Canterbury, England
Map of Francia
Pope Leo III had crowned Charles the Great as the Holy Roman emperor at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome on Christmas Day in 800. This was the start of Carolingian dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire. The monarch was identified as the protector for the Church. The pope was acknowledged as the leader of the official faith. Latin was to become the language for instruction.
Louis the Pious was the sole heir to the empire. He was made co-emperor in November 813. He became the emperor after Charlemagne's death in January 814. He ruled until 840. Louis divided Francia between three of his sons.
Charles the Bald was the King of West Francia (843–877), King of Italy (875–877) and Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II). Lothair was the Holy Roman Emperor (817–855, co-ruling with his father until 840), the governor of Bavaria (815–817), King of Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855).
Louis the German was the first king of East Francia, and ruled from 843-876. He received the appellation Germanicus shortly after his death in recognition of Magna Germania of the Roman Empire.
Lothair led his full-brothers Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German in revolt against their father to protest against attempts to make their half-brother Charles the Bald a co-heir to the Frankish domains.
Charles and Louis joined forces against Lothair in a three-year civil war (840–843) upon their father's death. The struggles between the brothers led directly to the breakup of the Frankish Empire assembled by their grandfather Charlemagne. This laid the foundation for the development of modern France and Germany.
Aosta was that main city in the Aosta valley in Arles in Middle Francia. The Kingdom of Arles was a dominion established in 933 by the merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II. The kingdom came to be named after the Lower Burgundian residence at Arles. Arles is a city located near the southern coast of France.
Via Francigena
Aosta acquired importance as a post on the Via Francigena under Charlemagne. It was a stopping point on the path from Calais to Rome. It is in the highest region in Italy. It is near the Matternhorn. It became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy in the 10th century.
Anselm
Anselm was born in April 1033 near Aosta, a Burgundian town on the frontier with Lombardy. His father Gundulph was a Lombard noble. His mother Ermenberga was almost certainly the granddaughter of Conrad the Peaceful. Conrad was the king of Burgundy from 937 until his death. Gundulph moved to his wife's town where she held a palace near the cathedral and a villa in the valley.
Anselm's father was not prudent with the management of his wealth. His mother was.
Anselm desired to enter a monastery at the age of 15, but his father would not grant his consent. The abbot refused his petition. He gave up his studies and for a time lived a carefree life.
His father repented his earlier lifestyle after the death of his wife, but professed his new faith with a severity that the boy found unbearable. Anselm left home with a single attendant at the age of 23 crossed the Alps and wandered through Burgundy and France for 3 years. He went to Normandy in 1059 because his countryman Lafranc had been appointed the prior of the Benedictine abbey of Bec.
He consulted with Lanfranc as to whether to return to his estates and employ their income in providing alms or to renounce them after his father died. Lanfranc sent him to Maurilius, the archbishop of Rouen. He convinced Anselm to enter the abbey as a novice at the age of 27.
He wrote his first work in philosophy. It was a treatment of Latin paradoxes called the Grammarian. The Rule of Saint Benedict reshaped his thought over the next decade.
Duke William II summoned Lanfranc to serve as the abbot of his new abbey of St Stephen at Caen in 1063. The monks of Bec elected Anselm as their new abbot. Bec became the foremost seat of learning in Europe under Anselm's direction. Students were attracted from France, Italy and elsewhere.
He wrote the Monologion and Proslogion during this time. The Monologian argued for the Supreme Being and the Trinity with the use of philosophical reasons as opposed to scriptural citation.
His theology on the Trinity sought to justify the filioque clause insofar as the Spirit was defined as the Father's and the Son's. The procession was not limited to the Father as was the case in the Eastern Church. He argued that the rational creature was made to love the Supreme Being. We ought to believe equally in the Father, the Son and their Spirit.
His original title for the Proslogion was Faith Seeking Understanding. The discourse is the source for Anselm's famous and highly controversial ontological arguments for the existence of God.
The first can be summarized as follows.
1. A being than which none greater can be conceived can be imagined.
2. Existence in reality is greater than that which exists in the mind alone.
3. A being than which none greater can be conceived must also exist in reality.
The second argument is related.
1. Contingent is not as great as necessary being.
2. It is a contradiction to think of the greatest conceivable being as non-existent.
3. God exists.
He also composed a series of dialogues on the nature of truth, free will and the fall of Satan. He composed the first draft of De Fide Trinitatis as a rebuttal for tritheism and as a defense of Trinitarianism and universals.
The fame of the monastery grew from his good example as well as his intellectual achievement. His method of discipline particularly with the younger monks was kind. His spirited defense of the abbey's independence from archiepiscopal and lay control protected it from the influence of both the new Archbishop of Rouen and the Earl of Leicester.
Devoted lords had given the abbey lands across the Channel following the Norman Conquest in 1066. Anselm occasionally visited to oversee the monastery's property, to wait upon his sovereign William I of England (formerly Duke William II of Normandy). He also visited Lanfranc who had been installed as archbishop of Canterbury in 1070.
He was respected by William I and the good impression he made while in Canterbury made him the favorite of its cathedral chapter as a future successor to Lanfranc.
King William II was the third son of William I. He became King of England in 1087. He refused the appointment of any successor and appropriated the see's lands and revenues for himself upon the archbishop's death in 1089.
Anselm avoided journeying to England during this time. Hugh, Earl of Chester lured him over in 1092. Hugh kept him occupied for 4 to 5 months with the establishment of a new monastery at St Werburgh's.
He then traveled to his former pupil Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, to assemble the donors of Bec's new lands in order to obtain royal approval of the grants. William II pledged by the Holy Face of Lucca that neither Anselm nor any other would sit at Canterbury while he lived at Christmas. He fell seriously ill at Alveston in March. He believed his sinful behavior was responsible. He summoned Anselm to hear his confession and administer last rites.
He published a proclamation releasing his captives, discharging his debts and promising to henceforth govern according to the law. He nominated Anselm to fill the vacancy at Canterbury on 6 March 1093.
The clerics gathered at court to acclaim him, forced the crozier into his hands and bodily carried him to a nearby church amid a Te Deum. He tried to refuse on the grounds of age, ill-health and the assertion that the monks of Bec refused to give him permission to leave them.
Anselm gave King William the conditions under which he would accept the position on 24 August. The conditions amounted to the agenda of the Gregorian Reform. The king would have to return the church lands which had been seized, accept his spiritual counsel and forswear the antipope Clement III in favor of Urban II.
William was exceedingly reluctant to accept these conditions. He consented only to the first. He reneged on that a few days afterwards. Preparations for Anselm's investiture were suspended. Public pressure forced William to return to Anselm.
They settled on a partial return of Canterbury's lands as his own concession. Anselm received dispensation from his duties in Normandy, did homage to William and was installed at Canterbury Cathedral on 25 September 1093. William finally returned the lands of the see that day.
It had become customary from the mid-8th century that metropolitan bishops could not be invested without a woolen pallium given or sent by the pope himself. Anselm wanted to travel to Rome for his pallium. William would not permit it.
Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV had deposed each other twice during the Investiture controversy. Bishops loyal to Henry finally elected Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, as a second pope. Philip I had recognized Gregory and his successors Victor III and Urban II in France. Guibert held Rome after 1084 as "Clement III."
William had not chosen a side. He maintained his right to prevent the acknowledgement of either pope by an English subject prior to his choice. A ceremony was held to consecrate Anselm as archbishop on 4 December without the pallium.
Anselm maintained his monastic ideals, including stewardship, prudence, and proper instruction, prayer and contemplation as archbishop. He continued to agitate for reform and the interests of Canterbury.
Anselm's term in office has been viewed as the English theater for the Investiture Controversy for Pope Gregory VII and the emperor Henry IV. If it were only a question of common law for the empire, agreement would have been easier to obtain. The emperor was always a king who was crowned by the pope. The pope had declared himself as supreme in order to organize the Holy Roman Empire.
When an emperor used his position to consolidate his gains, his house moved closer to a position of dominance over the whole empire. It wasn't necessarily the case that he just held the advantage for the unity of kingdoms. When the advantage was pressed too hard, the independence of each kingdom suffered. The authority of the pope was not recognized as supreme over royal authority when the emperor imposed his will on the papal office.
When an emperor didn't press his advantage to increase authority for his house, he ran the risk of looking weak and ineffectual.
Anselm played his support for the authority of the empire for the advantage of his office over the power of the monarch. He titled himself "Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of Great Britain and Ireland and vicar of the High Pontiff Paschal" by 3 September 1101.
He had won the lands for the see of Canterbury from submission to the English king. He received papal recognition of the subservience of the wayward York and the Welsh bishops. He had gained authority over the Irish bishops for the office. He died before the Canterbury–York dispute was definitively settled. Pope Honorius II finally found in favor of York instead.
Anselm's vision was of a universal Church with its own internal authority. The power of this vision clashed with William II's desire for royal control over the church for the state.
One of Anselm's first conflicts with William came in the month he was consecrated. William II needed funds to wrest Normandy from his elder brother, Robert II. Anselm was among those expected to pay him. He offered £500 but William refused. He had been encouraged by his courtiers to insist on 1000 as a kind of annates for Anselm's elevation to archbishop.
Anselm not only refused, he further pressed the king to fill England's other vacant positions, permit bishops to meet freely in councils and to allow Anselm to resume enforcement of canon law particularly against incestuous marriages. He was ordered to silence his negotiation.
When a group of bishops subsequently suggested that William might now settle for the original sum, Anselm replied that he had already given the money to the poor and "that he disdained to purchase his master's favour as he would a horse or ass".
The king replied that Anselm's blessing for his invasion would not be needed as "I hated him before, I hate him now, and shall hate him still more hereafter." Anselm withdrew to Canterbury and began work on the Cur Deus Homo.
Anselm insisted that he travel to the court of Urban II to secure the pallium that legitimized his office when William returned.
The Lords Spiritual and Temporal of England met in a council at Rockingham to discuss the issue on 25 February 1095. William ordered the bishops the next day not to treat Anselm as their primate or as Canterbury's archbishop, as he openly adhered to Urban.
The bishops sided with the king. The Bishop of Durham presented his case. He even advised William to depose and exile Anselm. The nobles sided with Anselm. The conference ended in deadlock. The matter was postponed.
William secretly sent William Warelwast and Gerard to Italy immediately following this to prevail on Urban to send a legate bearing Canterbury's pallium. Walter, bishop of Albano, was chosen and negotiated in secret with William's representative, the Bishop of Durham.
The king agreed to publicly support Urban's cause in exchange for acknowledgement of his right to accept no legates without invitation and to block clerics from receiving or obeying papal letters without his approval.
William's greatest desire was for Anselm to be removed from office. Walter said that "there was good reason to expect a successful issue in accordance with the king's wishes." When William acknowledged Urban as pope, Walter refused to depose the archbishop.
William tried to sell the pallium to others, but failed. He tried to extract a payment from Anselm for it, but was again refused. He then tried to personally bestow it on Anselm to connote the church's subservience to the throne. He was again refused. The pallium was laid on the altar at Canterbury in the end. Anselm took it on 10 June 1095.
The First Crusade was declared at the Council of Clermont in November.
Anselm journeyed to console and bless the Bishop of Durham on his deathbed in December.
William opposed several of Anselm's efforts at reform over the next two years. His right to convene a council was not recognized but no overt dispute is known.
The Welsh had begun to recover their lands from the Marcher Lords in 1094 and William's 1095 invasion had accomplished little. Two larger forays were made in 1097 against Cadwgan in Powys and Gruffudd in Gwynedd. These were also unsuccessful. William was compelled to erect a series of border fortresses.
He charged Anselm with having given him insufficient knights for the campaign and tried to fine him. Anselm resolved to proceed to Rome to seek the counsel of the pope in the face of William's refusal to fulfill his promise of church reform. An army of French crusaders had finally installed Urban. William again denied him permission.
The negotiation ended with Anselm being "given the choice of exile or total submission." If he left,
William declared he would seize Canterbury and never again allow Anselm as archbishop. If he were to stay, William would impose his fine and force him to swear never again to appeal to the papacy.
Anselm chose exile in October 1097. William seized the revenue for Canterbury. It was never returned. Anselm traveled to Rome to request release from his office. Urban refused. He had Anselm write a defense of the western procession of the Spirit to the Greek Church.
While in exile Anselm finished his Cur Deus Homo. He wrote the treatises Epistolae de Incarnatione Verbi (On the Incarnation of the Word), De Conceptu Virginali et de Originali Peccato (On the Virgin Conception and on Original Sin), De Processione Spiritus Sancti (On the Proceeding of the Holy Spirit) and De Concordia Praescientia et Praedestinationis et Gratiae Dei cum Libero Arbitrio (On the Harmony of the Foreknowledge, the Predestination, and the Grace of God with Free Choice).
Anselm delivered his defense of the Filioque and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist before 185 bishops at the Council of Bari in October. The Italian Greeks seem to have accepted papal supremacy and Anselm's theology under pressure from their Norman Lords. The council condemned William II, but did not excommunicate him.
William II was killed hunting in the New Forest on 2 August 1100. His brother Henry moved quickly to secure the throne before his elder brother Robert, duke of Normandy, returned from the First Crusade. Henry pledged in his letter to submit himself to the archbishop's counsel if he would return to Canterbury.
Anselm was ordered by Henry to do homage for his Canterbury estates once in England. He was also directed to receive his investiture by ring and crozier anew despite having done so under William.
The bishop refused to violate canon law. Henry for his part refused to relinquish a right possessed by his predecessors. He sent an embassy to Pope Paschal II to present his case. Paschal reaffirmed Urban's bans to that mission and the one that followed it.
Anselm publicly supported Henry against the threatened invasion of his brother Robert. He wooed wavering barons to the king's cause. He emphasized the religious nature of their oaths and duty of loyalty.
He supported the deposition of Ranulf Flambard, the disloyal new bishop of Durham. He threatened Robert with excommunication. The lack of popular support for the invasion near Portsmouth compelled Robert to accept the Treaty of Alton instead. He renounced his claim to the crown for an annual payment of 3000 marks.
Anselm held a council at Lambeth Palace which found that Henry's beloved Matilda had not technically become a nun. She was thus eligible to wed and become queen.
Anselm was finally able to convene a general church council at London to establish the Gregorian Reform within England on Michaelmas in 1102. The council prohibited marriage, concubinage and drunkenness to all those in holy orders. It condemned sodomy and simony. Clerical dress was regulated. A resolution was passed against the British slave trade.
Henry supported Anselm's reforms and his authority over the English church, but continued to assert his own authority over the archbishop. The three bishops he had dispatched on his second delegation to the pope claimed that the pontiff had been receptive to Henry's counsel and had secretly approved of Anselm's submission to the crown upon their return.
The claim was made in defiance of Paschal's sealed letter to Anselm, his public acts and the testimony of the two monks who had accompanied them. Anselm consented to journey himself to Rome along with the king's envoy William Warelwast in 1103.
Anselm supposedly traveled in order to argue the king's case for a dispensation but, in response to this third mission, Paschal fully excommunicated the bishops who had accepted investment from Henry. He spared the king himself.
Anselm received a letter forbidding his return. He withdrew to Lyons to await Paschal's response. Paschal again excommunicated prelates who had accepted investment from Henry and the advisers responsible on 26 March 1105. This time Robert de Beaumont, Henry's chief adviser was included. He finally threatened Henry with the same.
Anselm sent messages to the king directly and through his sister Adela in April. He expressed his own willingness to excommunicate Henry. The negotiation tactic came at a critical period in Henry's reign.
It worked. A meeting was arranged. A compromise was concluded at Laigle on 22 July 1105. Henry would forsake lay investiture if Anselm obtained Paschal's permission for clerics to do homage for their lands.
Henry's bishops' and counselors' excommunications were to be lifted provided they advise him to obey the papacy, the revenues of Canterbury would be returned to the archbishop and priests would no longer be permitted to marry.
Anselm insisted on the agreement's ratification by the pope before he would consent to return to England, but wrote to Paschal in favor of the deal. He argued that Henry's forsaking of lay investiture was a greater victory than the matter of homage.
Paschal wrote Anselm accepting the terms established at Laigle on 23 March 1106. Both clerics saw this as a temporary compromise and intended to continue pressing for reforms. This included the ending of homage to lay authorities.
Anselm refused to return to England even after this. Henry traveled to Bec and met with him on 15 August 1106. He was forced to make further concessions. He restored to Canterbury all the churches that had been seized during Anselm's exile. He promised that nothing more would be taken from them.
The Concordat of London formalized the agreements between the king and archbishop in 1107. Henry formally renouncing the right of English kings to invest the bishops of the church.
The remaining two years of Anselm's life were spent in the duties of his archbishopric. He succeeded in getting Paschal to send the pallium for the archbishop of York to Canterbury, so that future archbishops-elect would have to profess obedience before receiving it.
The incumbent archbishop Thomas II had received his own pallium directly and insisted on York's independence. Anselm anathematized all who failed to recognize Canterbury's primacy over all the English church from his deathbed. This ultimately forced Henry to order Thomas to confess his obedience to Anselm's successor.
He died on Holy Wednesday, 21 April 1109. His remains were translated to Canterbury Cathedral and laid at the head of Lanfranc at his initial resting place to the south of the Altar of the Holy Trinity.
Anselm is best known for his ontological argument. The argument was tied to the claim to papal supremacy and the procession of the Spirit from the Father and the Son. The doctrine of the procession was intrinsically tied to the investiture controversy. The right of the Church to invest bishops and the crown to select officials was not clearly delineated.
Anselm had repeatedly taken advantage of expedient moments to press the English monarchy for concession and support of the reform agenda. His opposition to royal prerogatives over the church twice led to his exile from England.
The investiture controversy made it difficult to view the Holy Roman Empire as holy, but the standard use of Latin and the claim to papal supremacy made it Roman in a way that favored the clergy over the royalty.
The Church of England has not laid claim to a Holy British Empire, but the royalism of Anglican doctrine with respect for common law doesn't force the faith into a sectarian religious position.
Anselm Aosta
安塞姆奥斯塔
安塞姆奧斯塔
安 An still 安 an relax An あん アン An 안 within
塞 sai stopper 塞 sai close se せ セ jel 젤 gel
姆 mu child care 姆 mo child nurse ru る ル leum 름 the
奥 Ao profound 奧 o heart mu む ム
斯 si this 斯 shi this
塔 ta tower 塔 to pagoda
-------------------------------
This tower for faith
leads to understanding the inner wraith.
=======================
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury
https://www.iep.utm.edu/anselm/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proslogion
http://www.logicmuseum.com/authors/anselm/monologion/anselmmonologion.htm
---------------------------------
Action, Reflection, Distraction
Queen Elizabeth II
b. 21 April 1947, Mayfair, London, UK
c. 2 June 1953
Mayfair
Mayfair is an affluent area in the West End of London towards the eastern edge of Hyde Park in the City of Westminster. It mainly consists of the historical Grosvenor along with the Albemarle, Berkeley, Burlington and Curzon estates.
Grosvenor Square is a garden area roughly in the center of the location. The rest of the area is surrounded by parkland. Hyde Park and Green Park run along its boundary.
Romans settled in the area before establishing Londinium. Aulus Plautius built a fort here during the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 CE while waiting for Claudius.
This area was the manor of Eia in the Domesday Book, and owned by Geoffrey de Mandeville after the Norman Conquest. It was subsequently given to the Abbey of Westminster, who owned it until 1536 when it was taken over by Henry VIII.
The May Fair was held every year at Great Brookfield from 1–14 May. The fair was established during the reign of Edward I in open fields beyond St. James. It was recorded as "Saint James's fayer by Westminster" in 1560. It was postponed in 1603 because of plague, but otherwise continued throughout the 17th century.
The festival moved to what is now Mayfair in 1686. It had attracted showmen, jugglers and fencers and numerous fairground attractions by the 18th century. Popular attractions included bare-knuckle fighting, semolina eating contests and women's foot racing.
The May Fair had fallen into disrepute by the reign of George I. It was regarded as a public scandal. The 6th Earl of Coventry, who lived on Piccadilly, considered the fair to be a nuisance. He led a public campaign against it with local residents. It was abolished in 1764.
The origins of major development began when Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet married Mary Davis, heiress to the Manor of Ebury, in 1677. The Grosvenor family gained 500 acres (200 ha) of land. 100 acres (40 ha) lay south of Oxford Street and east of Park Lane. The land was referred to as "The Hundred Acres" in early deeds.
The London Journal reported in 1721 "the ground upon which the May Fair formerly was held is marked out for a large square, and several fine streets and houses are to be built upon it." Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet asked the surveyor Thomas Barlow to design the street layout which has survived mostly intact to the present day despite most of the properties being rebuilt.
Barlow proposed a grid of wide, straight streets with a large place as a centerpiece. Buildings were constructed in quick succession. The area was covered with houses by the mid-18th century.
Most of Mayfair was built on with upper-class housing by the end of the 18th century. It has never lost its affluent status unlike some nearby areas of London. The decline of the British aristocracy in the early 20th century led to the area becoming more commercial. Many houses converted into offices for major corporate headquarters, embassies and other businesses.
Mayfair retains a substantial quantity of luxury residential property, upmarket shops and restaurants and modern hotels along Piccadilly and Park Lane. It is one of the most expensive districts in London and the world.
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair on 21 April 1926. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York. The duke and duchess would later become King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936. She was the heir presumptive from that time.
She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War when she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service.
She married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1947. The duke was a former prince of Greece and Denmark. They have four children: Charles, Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.
She became head of the Commonwealth when her father died in February 1952. She was queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon.
She has reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation and the decolonisation of Africa.
The number of her realms varied as territories gained independence between 1956 and 1992. Realms including South Africa, Pakistan and Ceylon (renamed Sri Lanka) became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and visits to or from five popes.
Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012 respectively. She became the first British monarch to reach a Sapphire Jubilee in 2017.
She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch as well as the world's longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state, the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state.
Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the royal family. The breakdown of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992 and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales. Support for the monarchy has consistently been and remains high along with her personal popularity.
She has been an important figure for the UK and the Commonwealth during times of enormous social change. She is known for her sense of duty and her devotion to a life of service.
Her extraordinary reign has seen her travel more widely than any other monarch. Her Majesty continues to visit charities and schools, host visiting Heads of State, lead the nation in remembrance and celebratory events with support from other members of the Royal Family.
She has worked to make her reign more modern and sensitive to a changing public while maintaining traditions associated with the crown.
Elizabeth Windsor
伊丽莎白温莎
伊麗莎白溫莎
伊 Yi she 伊 I Italy Eri えり エリ El 엘 el
丽 li pretty 麗 rei lovely za ざ ザ li 리 lee
莎 sha insect 莎 sa sedge be べ ベ ja 자 character
白 bai bright 白 byaku white su す ス be 베 the
温 Wen warm 溫 on warm Uin うぃん ウィン seu 스 switch
莎 sha sedge 莎 sa sedge za ざ- ザ- Win 윈 win
jeo 저 that
---------------------------------
The ladybug sat on the white phlox
as the bright sun shown on the flower box.
========================
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II
