Showing posts with label aggression. Show all posts
Showing posts with label aggression. Show all posts

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Have

9.15.19
Alexis Bledel

Have
Mercy
怜悯 
Liánmǐn
どうかご慈悲を
Dō ka go jihi o
ps.51
Miserere

Have mercy on me according to your love. 
Grant me compassion from above.

Wash me from the wickedness of violence and cruelty. 
Cleanse me from the evil of tyranny, terrorism and usury.

Allow me the freedom to think, learn, organize, speak,
write, 
assemble, petition, work, play and worship for happiness with what's for my peak. 

Give me a vote to support due process in law for justice. 
Protect my right to defense for what's just about us. 

Education is the best asset for my social role.
Conservative reform for government is my greatest goal. 

I know my transgression. 
The memory of false impression 
helps me to find a better way than violent aggression. 

I look for a better way than what was wrong 
with what didn't belong for long 
in the last play along to grow strong. 

Autocratic authority by liberal rule 
is not the path to redemption as the tool 
for building an economy for the people as the vestibule.

Reveal divine will through design 
as shown in nature to my mind. 

Put your law within my heart.
Let the right to life run to the final part.

Cast me not away from your presence.
Let my prayers take me to the truth of your divine essence.

Do not bring disaster on your community.
They have been working to build opportunity.

This group has been dedicated to establishing a state
that remembers your promise of inheritance as great.

The remarkable thing about the allegiance of this people
is the devotion to defense against the threat of attacks that are lethal.

The commitment to build national security
deterred the risk of destruction that was building in their immaturity.

The time has come for your joy.
Beauty and reason will be employed.

I am grateful to Christ Jesus as the teacher who taught me with his instruction.
I was deceived by my lack of belief in faith with love as defense against self-destruction.

The inside track will till fertility.
The soil will hide the seed's virility.
Hurricane Lily

The hurricane lily goes dormant in spring.
The flower blooms in September when it's time to sing.

The runner runs to feel agility.
The driver drives to wield tactility.

There will be great joy for those who repent from the lack of concern for security.
They will join the stability that comes with the generation of growth in maturity.

Purgation includes expiation in relation to the divine
to find the way to the jade of the jewel with this mind of mine.  

Socialism demands the defense of liberal expenditure
as though the competitor were the cause of the global rise in temperature.

Wash me from the wickedness of violence and cruelty.
Cleanse me from the evil of tyranny, terrorism and usury.

Create a clean heart within me.
Reveal the truth to help me see.

Have mercy on me according to your love.
Grant me compassion from above.

---------------------------

あなたの愛に応じて私を憐れませてください。
Anata no ai ni ōjite watashi o awarema sete kudasai.
Have mercy on me according to your love.

Grant me compassion from above.
Ue kara omoiyari o ataete keihatsu pai.
上から思いやりを与えて啓発パイ。

--------------------------

51 Miserere mei, Deus
Have mercy on me, Light

1 Have mercy on me, O God, according to your loving-kindness;
in your great compassion blot out my offenses.

2 Wash me through and through from my wickedness
and cleanse me from my sin.

3 For I know my transgressions,
and my sin is ever before me.
.
4 Against you only have I sinned
and done what is evil in your sight.

5 And so you are justified when you speak
and upright in your judgment.

6 Indeed, I have been wicked from my birth,
a sinner from my mother's womb.

7 For behold, you look for truth deep within me,
and will make me understand wisdom secretly.

8 Purge me from my sin, and I shall be pure;
wash me, and I shall be clean indeed.

9 Make me hear of joy and gladness,
that the body you have broken may rejoice.

10 Hide your face from my sins
and blot out all my iniquities.
11 Create in me a clean heart, O God,
and renew a right spirit within me.

12 Cast me not away from your presence
and take not your holy Spirit from me.

13 Give me the joy of your saving help again
and sustain me with your bountiful Spirit.

------------------------

Exodus 32:12

'Why should the Egyptians say, "It is with evil intent that he brought them out to kill them in the mountains and to consume them from the face of the earth?" Turn from your fierce wrath; change your mind and do not bring disaster on your people. Remember Abraham, Isaac and Israel, your servants, how you swore to them by your own self, saying to them, "I will multiply your descendents like the stars of heaven and all this land that I have promised I will give to  your descendents. They will inherit it forever."'

The LORD changed his mind about the disaster that he planned to bring on his people.

------------------------

Do not bring disaster on your community.
They have been working to build opportunity.

This group has been dedicated to establishing a state
that remembers your promise of inheritance as great.

The remarkable thing about the allegiance of this people
is the devotion to defense against the threat of attacks that are lethal.

The commitment to build national security
deterred the risk of destruction that was building in their immaturity.

=================

1 Timothy 1:12-14

I am grateful to Christ Jesus our Lord who has strengthened me. He judged me faithful and appointed me to his service even though I was formerly a blasphemer, a persecutor and a man of violence. I received mercy because I had acted ignorantly in unbelief. The grace of our Lord overflowed for me with the faith and love that are in Christ Jesus.

------------------------

I am grateful to Christ Jesus as the teacher who taught me with his instruction.
I was deceived by my lack of belief in faith with love as defense against self-destruction.

=================

Luke 15:6-7

'When he comes home, he calls together his friends and neighbors, saying "Rejoice with me for I have found my sheep that was lost." Just so, I tell you, there will be more rejoicing in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous people who need no repentance.'

------------------------

There will be great joy for those who repent from the lack of concern for security.
They will join the stability that comes with the generation of growth in maturity.

=================

Mystical Experience

Catherine of Genoa
b. 1447 Genoa, Italy
d. 9.15.1510 Genoa, Italy

Catherine of Genoa was an Italian mystic and social worker in the Roman Catholic Church.
She wrote the Spiritual Dialogue and a Treatise on Purgatory. She is noted as an authority regarding the doctrine of purgatory.

She is remembered for her work among the sick and the poor. She served the sick during the plague which ravaged Genoa in 1497 and 1501.

She was a member of the noble Fieschi family.  Her fame outside her native city is connected with the publication in 1551 of the book known in English as the Life and Doctrine of Saint Catherine of Genoa.

She and her teaching were the subject of Baron Friedrich von Hügel's classic work The Mystical Element of Religion (1908).

Genoa

The city of Genoa is located between the Apennine Mountains and the Ligurian Sea.

The Apennine are a mountain range of parallel smaller chains extending about 1,200 km (750 mi) along the length of peninsular Italy. They join with the Ligurian Alps at Altare in the northwest.

The Ligurian is part of the Mediterranean Sea between the Italian Riviera (Liguria) and the island of Corsica.

Genoa is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria. It is the sixth-largest city in Italy.

The port is located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea. It has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean.  it is currently the busiest in Italy.

It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, Niccolò Paganini and Grimaldo Canella, founder of the House of Grimaldi, among others.

 The Bank of Saint George was founded in 1407. It is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century.

The port established  itself as the merchant capital of the newly established Republic of Genoa in 1005 and maintaining its autonomy until 1797.

The capital struggled to rule itself. Many inner conflicts among the nobility weakened the Republic. The inability to rule itself caused the state to put themselves twice under French rule. Once was in 1391. It happened again in 1458.

The Black Death hit Genoa hard in 1348 and contributed to its decline.

Caterina Fieschi Adorno

Catherine's parents were Jacopo Fieschi and Francesca di Negro. Both were of noble Italian birth.  Two popes, Innocent IV and Adrian V, had been of the Fieschi family. Jacopo himself became Viceroy of Naples.

The family were Guelphs. They were in the faction that supported the pope. The Ghibellines were for the Roman emperor

Catherine was the last of 5 children. She was born in 1447. She was described as an extraordinary child who was gifted in prayer and devotion to Christ. She wished to enter a convent when about 13.

Her sister, Limbania, was an Augustinian nun. The nuns to whom her confessor applied refused her on account of her youth. She put aside the idea without any further attempt.

Her father died when she was young. She was married to the young Genoese nobleman, Giuliano Adorno, at 16. Giuliano had returned to Genoa after several experiences in the area of trade and in the military world.

Their conjugal life was not easy. Her husband's character was worldly in affection for games of chance. They didn't produce children. She felt induced to lead a life that lacked serenity. She had a feeling of profound emptiness after 10 years of marriage. She prayed to remain sick in bed for 3 months.

She received a conversion experience as an answer.  Catherine went to the church of St. Benedict and to the monastery of Our Lady of Graces for confession on March 20, 1473.

She wrote that she was wounded in heart by the knowledge of the life she had led and the goodness of God. She did not stay to finish her confession.

She went home and entered a remote room to weep and pray. She received the sense of the immense love of God. She had a vision of Jesus bent beneath the cross. She understood that he suffered so those who suffered pain from discrimination might feel loved.

She entered into a life of profound union by faith with constant prayer and the daily reception of Communion. It was unusual for laity to receive the sacrament so often.

She sought to be taught by God with the nourishment from prayer and the eucharist for 25 years. She did not become dependent upon the priest in confession. She did not become a monastic.

The place of her ascent to mystical peaks was Pammatone Hospital, the largest hospital complex in Genoa, of which she was director.

She lived an active existence despite the depth of her inner life. A group of followers, disciples and collaborators formed around her. They felt edified by her faith and charity. Her husband was won over as well. He became a Third Order Franciscan and moved into the hospital to help his wife.

The plague hit Genoa in 1493. It was reported that it killed up to 80% of the community. Her husband died in 1497.

She resigned her position as director, although she continued working full time until 1499, when her health began to fail. She finally accepted a priest as her spiritual guide during this time. He was her successor as the head of the hospital. He would later write her biography.

She wrote the Spiritual Dialog and Treatise on Purgatory in the 10 years before her death.
Purgatory was not a place located in the bowels of the earth for her. It was an inner fire for purification. It was a movement toward full communion in the kingdom of heaven.

She died in Genoa in 1510.

Elements of Religion

The elements of religion according to Hugel are mystical, intellectual and institutional. The three work to keep religion alive and relevant. Mysticism could never be the whole of religion.

It is personal in a primitive and monotheistic way insofar as it avoids the errors of superstition and hostility, but it holds the institutional and intellectual parts in question.

Catherine used her mysticism to support that which was right about the intellectual and institutional parts. 

Hugel was engaged in theological discussions with a diverse group of scholars associated with the Modernist controversy at the start of the 20th century.

The modernists shared a belief that science had raised new questions for religious faith that undermined naïve suppositions that believers could rely purely on dogmatic authority as a source of truth.

His scholarly concerns included the relationship of Christianity to history, ecumenism, mysticism, the philosophy of religion and the rejection of much of the immanentism in nineteenth-century theology.

The anti-dogmatic position neglected to acknowledge the value that Trinitarian and Christological instruction held with respect for theology. This antagonism supported the liberal position in theology and political philosophy.

Catherine Fieschi
S. 凯瑟琳菲斯基
T. 凱瑟琳菲斯基

凯  Kai  victory             凱  gai         victory song          Ka   きゃ   キャ        Kae  캐  casserole 
瑟  se    harp                 瑟  shitsu     large koto              sa    さ        サ            seo  서  book         
琳  lin    jade                 琳  rin          jewel                     rin  りん    リン         lin    린  Lynn     
菲  Fei   poor                菲   hi           thin                        Fi    ふぃ   フィ         Pi     피  blood   
斯  si      this                 斯   shi         this                         e     え        エ             swi   쉬  wee       
基  ji       base                基  ki           fundamentals         su   す        ス                       
                                                                                         ki    き        キ                                           
-----------------------------

Purgation includes expiation in relation to the divine
to find the way to the jade of the jewel with this mind of mine.

=================

wiki Catherine of Genoa
Franciscan Media: Catherine of Genoa
Lectionary: Catherine of Genoa
Commentary: Treatise on Purgatory
Papal Podcast: Catherine of Genoa
Benedict XVI: Text St. Catherine of Genoa
wiki The Mystical Element of Religion
wiki Genoa
New Advent Encyclopedia: Catherine of Genoa
wiki Guelphs and Ghibellines

Tolerance

David Stove
b. 9.15.1927 Moree, New South Wales, Australia
d. 6.2.1994    Mulgoa, New South Wales

David Charles Stove was an Australian philosopher who argued against socialism. He was for logical probability and rational induction in reason.

Stove criticized the irrationalism that infested the modern philosophy of science. The relativist and “social constructivist” views that were current in the sociology of science and postmodernist humanities departments depicted  modern science as no better (or worse) than voodoo or astrology or reading chicken entrails. The view was made to look like the majority opinion.

Popper, Kuhn and Feyerabend were irrationalists in the philosophy of science. They denied that there was reason to believe in any theory of science. There has been no significant accumulation of relevant knowledge in recent centuries according to the position.

Stove came to be known for his opposition to socialism in college departments in Australia. The socialists made their demands the basis for making decisions for higher education. It ran contrary to the consideration of benefit in reasonable administration.

The argument against socialism seeks to reduce the detrimental affect of socialist analysis on administrative decisions, but argument against it is not enough. Socialism was a derivative of liberal politics. That means that there is another tier to be considered in the argument against non-representative judgment.

The reduction of consideration in the legitimate range of choice for representative policy in democratic society is the area of concern for political organization whether it is in republic or kingdom.

Liberals have been tolerant of socialism because the focus on the role of industrial organization on political leadership has placed their 'power' in government over industry, the middle class and the poor.

They have resorted to populist factionalism in media representation as though it were a representation of democracy. They don't promote representation. They attack it in conservative forms.

Professionalism as a product of education has suffered as a result. While Stove was critical of Popper and his error in science and economics, he wasn't critical enough of liberalism.

The aggressive error of liberalism has to be challenged for the benefit of conservative reform.

Moree, New South Wales
 

Moree is a town in northern New South Wales.

New South Wales is in the southeastern part of Australia. It sits on the banks of the May may River. The name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "long springs."

The land is a plains region. It has been used for agriculture. The town is not heavily populated. The 2016 census numbers the population at about 7,400 people.

The first constable arrived and a police station was set up in 1865. The first church (Wesleyan) was built in 1867 when the town had a population of 43.

Agriculture emerged as a thriving industry on the fertile flood plains. Banking began in 1876 and the first local newspaper was set up in 1881. The population had grown to 295.

The Great Artesian Basin which sits under Moree was tapped in 1895. The basin yields over thirteen megalitres of water every day, but was proved unsuitable to provide enough water for the agriculture.

The railway line and service from Sydney arrived in 1897. Floods in the area caused numerous washouts of the railway in January 1910. An unknown number of livestock were drowned and at least four people drowned.

A flood cut the township in two in January 1946. Several hundred homes were flooded. The water damaged the power station and caused a black out. Roads and railway lines were damaged.

Moree railway station is situated on the Mungindi line, 665 kilometres (413 mi) from Sydney. It marks the northernmost point of passenger service on the line.

David Stove

David Stove was born in Moree, New South Wales on September 15, 1927.

His parents were Robert James Stove, schoolteacher, and his wife Ida Maude, née Hill. He was the fifth surviving child.

He went to Newcastle Boys’ High School where he excelled in running and was captain of the school track team.

He attended the University of Sydney (BA, 1950) and graduated with first-class honors in moral and political philosophy.

He was strongly influenced by the Challis professor of philosophy John Anderson.

Anderson founded the empirical brand of philosophy known as Australian realism. The central claim was that "whatever exists … is real".  That which is real is spatial and temporal in a situation or occurrence that is on the same level of reality as anything else that exists.

Any object is a fact. Every fact is situated in a complex situation. There are no simple ideas, no atomic facts, no objects which cannot be, as it were, expanded into facts.

All situations exist independently of knowledge of them. All entities are caused. Ethics is concerned with establishing and describing that which is good. It is a positive science. It is not abstractly detached from reality.

Anderson's insistence on unceasing inquiry and criticism became central to the intellectual principles of the university's Libertarian Society. This group supplanted the Free Thought Society in the early 1950's. It provided a philosophic platform for the much broader subculture known as "the Push" throughout the 1960's.

The movement was against socialism, yet he was a defender of free speech. He was critical of the Australian government's bans on certain political publications (1928). People could talk about socialism, but concession to the demands of Marxist ideology was not to be granted.

Stove was appointed a teaching fellow at the University of Sydney in 1951. He became a lecturer in philosophy at the New South Wales University of Technology (later the University of New South Wales) in 1952.

He married Jessie Amelia Leahy, a biochemist on 4 November 1959 at the registrar general’s office. The next year he returned to the University of Sydney.  He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1963 and associate professor in 1974. He would teach there until his retirement in 1987.

Stove was alarmed by the spread of radical left-wing ideas on campus in the early 1970's especially in his own department. He strongly resisted the introduction of courses in Marxism-Leninism and feminism with his colleague David Armstrong, the Challis professor of philosophy.

The subjects went ahead. The dispute resulted in a split in the department. Stove and Armstrong joined a new department of traditional and modern philosophy (colloquially ‘T & M’). Stove headed the department in 1981 and 1982. The left wing department was troubled by political schism. Stove felt that T & M was a perfect environment for serious work.

His work in philosophy mostly concerned the problem of induction. He argued that inference from the observed to the unobserved was justified for purely logical reasons in Probability and Hume’s Inductive Scepticism (1973) and The Rationality of Induction (1986).

There exists a probabilistic kind of logic which renders ‘The next swan is white’ probable, though not certain, on the evidence that all swans so far observed have been white.

His more polemical philosophical work included Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists (1982). The work accused leading philosophers of science such as Sir Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn of undermining, rather than as they claimed, defending science.

Popper had concluded in his massive The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) that science could never establish truth.  Stove compared the conclusion to the one that had been made by the fox in Aesop's fable.

The fox had decided that the grapes must be sour, because he could not reach them. Stove added that to make the comparison complete, the sly creature would have gone on to write a long book on the progress of viticulture.

He wrote 'A Farewill to Arts' in protest to the spread of postmodernist varieties of left wing thought in 1986. He described the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sydney as a disaster area.

This disaster was like an area that had been ravaged by flood, a badly leaking nuclear reactor or an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in cattle. His complaint was that Marxism, semiotics and feminism were being used to favor the employment of women on the faculty.

His opinion was that logically probable deduction and simple induction were the path to truth. Common sense has to be applied in practical reason for realism to work.

He was witty and irreverent in expression, but principled in thought. He was pessimistic in that he found no consolation in religion or hope for political progress.

He found some comfort in classical music, old books and nature. He enjoyed planting trees at his rural property at Mulgoa. He also liked cricket and rugby league.

He was a heavy smoker. He contracted oesophageal cancer.

He committed suicide on 1 or 2 June 1994 at Mulgoa after a period of depression following severe treatment for the disease.

While his criticism of socialism was warranted, his conservatism was pessimistic. He did not admit to room for the stable management of reform.

-----------------------

David Stove
S. 大卫斯托夫
T. 大衛斯托夫

大 Da       great              大 dai        large                   De   で     デ          De  데  place             
卫 wei     health              衛  ei        defense                bi    びっ  ビッ      i    이  this             
斯  Si         this               斯  shi       this                      Do   ど      ド        bi     비  ratio           
托  tuo      support          托   taku    requesting           su    す    ス          deu  드  de             
夫  fu        husband         夫  fu         husband              to    と-   ト-        Seu   스  s                           
                                                                                      bu    ぶ    ブ         to     토  sat     
                                                                                                                    beu  브 bro                 
-----------------------

Socialism demands the defense of liberal expenditure
as though the competitor were the cause of the global rise in temperature.

=================

wiki David Stove
James Franklin: Sydney Philosophy Disturbance
Bio David Charles Stove

Tuesday, May 7, 2019

Be


5.8.19
Broken Gate

Be
Patient 

要有耐心
Yào yǒu nàixīn
我慢して
Gaman shite
ps38

I have been punished enough.
I don't need more to make me tough.

Oppression has pressed hard against me.
Aggression has stressed parts I can't see.

National government has taxed too much.
Irrational governance has waxed as such.

The market is a measure for the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

Iniquities have overwhelmed me.
Indignities have not been healthy.

Foolishness has festered.
Forgiveness has been checkered and gestured
by hecklers and jesters.

I've been a witness to the psyche in decay.
It's a breeding ground for the depraved.

I've become so numb all I want to do
is to review the influence of cost on my internal revenue.

The groaning of my heart
is tearing me apart.

I have been dominated by shame, not by age.
I want liberation from pain and rage.

Desire is known as the drive for achievement.
My sighs release the stress from excessive disagreement.

My heart is pounding. My strength has not failed.
The start to counting is enhanced with the sense of scale.

People withdraw from affliction.
It is seen as a personal kind of addiction.

Those who seek to take my authority
speak of my ruin as a product of inferiority.

I have become deaf. I'm like one who does not hear
the fear of their tears as the cause of their jeers.

I have become like one who cannot speak in defense.
The strength of my policy has already passed the test.

I have fixed by hope in faith.
My God will help me fix the broken gate.

I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense.
The gate will work as the opening to the length of fence."

Pain has moved me to the edge of time.
I am on the verge of another paradigm.

I regret the consequence that my error has brought,
but I am learning what the experience has taught.

There are those though who have made themselves into enemies without cause.
The existence of difference or sameness has been used for centuries of false laws.

Those who repay evil for good follow accusation with slander.
They have created a strawman to barter with their banter.

I will stay on course for what is right.
I will not rage against the dying light.

Imminent Wonder, you are my strength.
Do not leave me to the depth of soul at length.

Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
to redeem us from error's strife.

-----------------------

38 Domine, ne in furore
Dominated, not in rage

1 O Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger;
do not punish me in your wrath.
2 For your arrows have already pierced me,
and your hand presses hard upon me.
3 There is no health in my flesh,
because of your indignation;
there is no soundness in my body, because of my sin.
4 For my iniquities overwhelm me;
like a heavy burden they are too much for me to bear.
5 My wounds stink and fester
by reason of my foolishness.
6 I am utterly bowed down and prostrate;
I go about in mourning all the day long.
7 My loins are filled with searing pain;
there is no health in my body.
8 I am utterly numb and crushed;
I wail, because of the groaning of my heart.
9 O Lord, you know all my desires,
and my sighing is not hidden from you.
10 My heart is pounding, my strength has failed me,
and the brightness of my eyes is gone from me.
11 My friends and companions draw back from my affliction;
my neighbors stand afar off.
12 Those who seek after my life lay snares for me;
those who strive to hurt me speak of my ruin
and plot treachery all the day long.
13 But I am like the deaf who do not hear,
like those who are mute and do not open their mouth.
14 I have become like one who does not hear
and from whose mouth comes no defense.
15 For in you, O Lord, have I fixed my hope;
you will answer me, O Lord my God.
16 For I said, "Do not let them rejoice at my expense,
those who gloat over me when my foot slips."
17 Truly, I am on the verge of falling,
and my pain is always with me.
18 I will confess my iniquity
and be sorry for my sin.
19 Those who are my enemies without cause are mighty,
and many in number are those who wrongfully hate me.
20 Those who repay evil for good slander me,
because I follow the course that is right.
21 O Lord, do not forsake me;
be not far from me, O my God.
22 Make haste to help me,
O Lord of my salvation.

----------------------------

It is clear that the neo-Babylonian empire had a line of succession that venerated their literary tradition as an extension of their agriculture and construction projects. It is likely that they did not take their captives into the confidence of education in their culture. They were probably only allowed enough knowledge of the language for rudimentary instruction regarding behavior.

Daniel 5:16, 22-3

The king said, 'I have heard that you can give interpretatons and solve problems. Now if you are able to read the writing and tell me its interpretation, you shall be clothed in purple, have a gold chain around your neck and rank third in the kingdom.'...

'You Belshazzar, son of Nebuchadnezzar, have not humbled your heart, even though you knew all this about your father. You have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven! The vessels of his temple have been brought in befoe you. You, your lords, your wives and your concubines have been drinking wine from them. You have praised the gods of silver, gold, bronze, iron, wood and stone which do not see, hear or know; but the God in whose power lies your breath to whom belongs all your ways, you have not honored.'

Daniel- God is judge
Belshazzar- Lord protect the king
Nebuchadnezzar- O god of literacy (Nabu)
Nabu was the son of Marduk (bull calf of the sun god Utu)

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Honor the God in whose power lies your breath
that you may be liberated from the wages of death.

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1 John 5:20

We know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding so we may know him. We are in his Son Jesus Christ who is true. He is the true God, our eternal life.

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Jesus holds the promise of eternal life in Christ
He is the Son who offered himself in sacrifice
 to redeem us from error's strife.

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Against Socialism
Friedrich Hayek
b. 5.8.1899 Vienna, Austria
d. 3.23.1992 Freibur im Breisgau, Germany

Vienna

Vienna was the largest German-speaking city in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. The city had 2 million inhabitants before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I.  It was the fourth largest city in Europe after London, Paris and Berlin in 1910.

The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. These regions work together as a European Centrope border region.

Vienna is said to be "The City of Dreams." It was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams was published in 1899. It is also regarded as the City of Music due to the musical legacy that was produced there.

The city's roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements. These tribal and constructed settlements transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city.  It became the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

It was made the capital of the newly-formed Austrian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars in 1804. It remained the capital for the new empire after the  Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

It is was a leading European music center from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. It played host to composers such as Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Richard Strauss.

The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens. The late-19th-century Ringstraße is lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.
The population of the city has been primarily Roman Catholic due to the proximity to Rome and the strong affiliation with artistic leadership for the culture.

Friedrich August von Hayek

F.A. Hayek was an Anglo-Austrian economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. He was a major social theorist and political philosopher of the 20th century.

Friedrich was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas (née von Juraschek). His father was born in 1871 also in Vienna. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health. He had a passion for botany. He wrote a number of monographs for the field. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna.

His mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy conservative and land-owning family. She received a significant inheritance as her mother died several years prior to Hayek's birth. The inheritance provided as much as half of her and her husband's income during the early years of their marriage.
Friedrich was the oldest of three brothers. Heinrich (1900–1969) and Erich (1904–1986) were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

His father's career as a university professor influenced Hayek's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk. Juraschek was one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics.

Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote works in the field of biological systematics. Some of these are relatively well known.

Friedrich was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein on his mother's side. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters and had known him well. Friedrich became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.

He said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought though he had met Ludwig on only a few occasions. He recalled a discussion of philosophy when both were officers during World War I in his later years.

He had intended to write a biography and worked on collecting family materials and later assisted biographers after Wittgenstein's death. He was related on the non-Jewish side of the Wittgenstein family.

Friedrich socialized with Jewish intellectuals since his youth.  He mentioned that people often speculated whether he was also of Jewish ancestry. He spent some time researching his ancestors and found out that he had Jewish ancestors which date back five generations. The surname Hayek is the German spelling of the Czech Hájek.

He displayed an intellectual bent from a very young age. He read frequently before going to school. He read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and August Weismann and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach at his father's suggestion when he was a teenager. He was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics in school.

He joined an artillery regiment in the Austro-Hungarian Army and fought on the Italian front. Much of his combat experience was spent as a spotter in an aeroplane. He suffered damage to his hearing in his left ear during the war and was decorated for bravery. He also survived the 1918 flu pandemic during this time.

Hayek decided to pursue an academic career. He was determined to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war. He said of his experience: "The decisive influence was really World War I. It's bound to draw your attention to the problems of political organization". He vowed to work for a better world.

Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively at the University of Vienna. He also studied philosophy, psychology and economics. When the University of Vienna closed he studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy. His work in the lab was engaged in staining brain cells.

Hayek's time in Monakow's lab and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach inspired his first intellectual project. This was eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels. It rejected the "sense data" association of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's classroom presence during Hayek's years at the University of Vienna left a lasting influence on him.

Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government upon the completion of his examinations.  He worked on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain.

Hayek worked as a research assistant to Professor Jeremiah Jenks of New York University between 1923 and 1924. He compiled macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the Federal Reserve.

He was initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, but his economic thinking shifted away from socialism toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars.

He joined several of his university friends including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann and Gottfried Haberler. These were also participating in Hayek's own seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin. He retained a long-standing relationship.

He founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research with the help of Mises in the late 1920's. He joined the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world upon his arrival in London. 

His development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba P. Lerner and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs in 1932. The point was argued in an exchange of letters with John Maynard Keynes. His letters were co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in The Times.

The nearly decade long deflationary depression in Britain dated from Winston Churchill's decision in 1925 to return Britain to the gold standard at the old pre-war and pre-inflationary par. The decision was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's dissenting engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy.

Hayek and Keynes disagreed on many essential economics matters beyond that single public conflict. They had disagreement on the economics of extending the length of production to the economics of labor inputs. Their economic disagreements were both practical and fundamental in nature.

Keynes called Hayek's book Prices and Production "one of the most frightful muddles I have ever read". He added: "It is an extraordinary example of how, starting with a mistake, a remorseless logician can end in Bedlam." Other notable economists have also been staunch critics of Hayek. John Kenneth Galbraith and Paul Krugman were include. He wrote that "the Hayek thing is almost entirely about politics rather than economics."

Notable economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930's and 1940's include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, William Baumol, John Kenneth Galbraith, Leonid Hurwicz, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan and Oskar Lange. Some were supportive and some were critical of his ideas. Hayek also taught or tutored many other LSE students including David Rockefeller.

Hayek remained in Britain after the Anschluss brought Austria under the control of Nazi Germany in 1938.  Hayek and his children became British subjects in that year.

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism. The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude."

The author warned against the danger that inevitably resulted from "government control of economic decision-making through central planning." He argued that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator and the serfdom of the individual.

Hayek challenged the general view among British academics that fascism including National Socialism was a capitalist reaction against socialism for labor. He argued that fascism, National Socialism and socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual.

It is worth noting that even leader's in Marxist economic theory have had to pull back from the aggressive promotion of a proletarian revolution. Hayek may have had to bargain for a change in economic policy with his defense of classical liberalism.

The problem with the term liberal is that it has a strong association with both education and government expenditure. The French suffer from this association. While the middle class has contributed greatly to the development of education, Marxist theory has laid the blame for economic malady on the middle class along with the capitalist leadership in business or government.

There is a significant problem created by the socialist and liberal leaders in business and government insofar as liberal expenditure on government favors certain sectors in the market.

Whereas liberal leadership claims to support civil and individual rights, the record of history shows that the claim has been used to support insurrection against foreign government and the invasion of foreign land. The disrespect for boundaries results in serious damage to the rights of the people in the nation of the government that claimed to support civil rights.

Liberal arts in education is an appreciable course of studies when it doesn't promote socialist economic theory or liberal expenditure by the government. Even dependence upon government funding for the arts, education or scientific research is harmful insofar as it promotes belief in central planning to reduce rights for citizens. 

Classical liberalism is one step removed from socialism, but it results in de facto socialism. 

Conservative reform recognizes the value of constitutional political structure for the development of social organization to produce a productive value.

The book The Road to Serfdom was originally published for a British audience by Routledge Press in March 1944 in the United Kingdom. The University of Chicago Press published it in September 1944. The U.S. publisher’s expectation was that the book would sell between 900 and 3,000 copies. The initial printing of 2,000 copies was quickly sold out. 30,000 copies were sold within six months. 

The University of Chicago Press estimated that more than 350,000 copies had been sold in 2007.
Reader's Digest published an abridged version in April 1945. The abridgement enabled The Road to Serfdom to reach a wider audience than academics. The book is popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

"The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a scholarly article written by economist Friedrich Hayek. It was first published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review.

It was written along with The Meaning of Competition as a rebuttal to fellow economist Oskar R. Lange and his endorsement of a planned economy. It was included among the twelve essays in Hayek's 1948 compendium Individualism and Economic Order.

Hayek's article argues against the establishment of a Central Pricing Board. The establishment of the board was advocated by Lange. Hayek highlighted the dynamic and organic nature of market price-fluctuations and the benefits of this phenomenon.

He asserted that a centrally planned economy could never match the efficiency of the open market. That which is known by a single agent is only a small fraction of the sum total of knowledge held by all members of society. A decentralized economy thus complements the dispersed nature of information spread throughout society.

Hayek left the London School of Economics in 1950. He was hired by the University of Chicago after spending the 1949–1950 academic year as a visiting professor at the University of Arkansas. His salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation, the William Volker Fund.
Hayek had made contact with many at the University of Chicago in the 1940's. The Road to Serfdom played a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works.

Hayek conducted a number of influential faculty seminars while at the University of Chicago. A number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own.  Aaron Director was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School.

Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for neoliberals. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organization devoted to libertarian ideas.

Hayek's first class at Chicago was a faculty seminar on the philosophy of science. it was attended by many of the University of Chicago's most notable scientists of the time. Enrico Fermi, Sewall Wright and Leó Szilárd were included. Hayek worked on the philosophy of science, economics, political philosophy and the history of ideas during his time at Chicago. His economics notes from this period have yet to be published. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1954.

He planned to publish work on the liberal order after editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters. He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned that "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society."

He was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany from 1962. He began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. He regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful".  He spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles following his retirement from Freiburg in 1968.

He continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty. He taught a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Preliminary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts. He finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

President Ronald Reagan listed Hayek as among the two or three people who most influenced his philosophy and welcomed Hayek to the White House as a special guest. Hayek was appointed a Companion of Honour (CH) in the 1984 Birthday Honours by Elizabeth II on the advice of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics."

Hayek's principal investigation in economics concerned capital, money and the business cycle. Ludwig von Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to value in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912). He also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell.

Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle. He elaborated on what later became known as the Austrian theory of the business cycle. Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. This was published in 1929. An English translation appeared in 1933. He argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle.

Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time in his Prices and Production (1931). This credti expansion led to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. He claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process."

Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. He asserted that all forms of collectivism even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. The central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law with as little arbitrary intervention as possible in Hayek's view.

Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative." It was included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty.  He disparaged conservatism in it for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program. He remarked: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."

He noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals. Belief in the free market is the primary agreement. He believed it is because conservatism wants to "stand still" whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere."

Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use the word "liberal" in its original definition. The term "libertarian" has been used instead. He also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" with its frequent association with imperialism.

Hayek also found libertarianism a term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old Whig." He  borrowed the phrase from Edmund Burke. He said: "I am becoming a Burkean Whig" later in life. Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy.

His essay has served as an inspiration to other liberal-minded economists wishing to distinguish themselves from conservative thinkers. He inspired James M. Buchanan's essay "Why I, Too, Am Not a Conservative: The Normative Vision of Classical Liberalism" for example.

British policy analyst Madsen Pirie claims Hayek mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook in Why F A Hayek is a Conservative. Conservatives are not averse to change. They are highly averse to change being imposed on the social order by people in a centralized authority that seeks to impose its own existence as the reason for increase in liberal expenditure. They wish to allow the market to function smoothly and give it the freedom to change and develop. It is an outlook that Hayek and conservatives both share.

Hayek was brought up in non-religious setting and decided that he was an agnostic from age 15. He died in 1992 in Freiburg, Germany.

Friedrich Hayek
S.
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T.
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프리드리히 하이에크                                   

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The market is a measure of the will of the people
in a way that a centralized authority cannot equal.

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