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ps8
Two kinds of light were made.
The greater ruled the day.
The lesser governed the nocturnal way.
Salvation comes by faith
for those who work while they wait
for grace in redemption
in the preservation
of liberty in the law
as worked to reduce flaw.
Justice is the goal for the law.
The goal must be fulfilled in practice as drawn
for improvement upon precedent as the phenomenon.
Cruel punishment
does not meet royal assent
to correct protest or petition as dissent.
Testimony about the charge of crime is by prejudice often bent.
Severity in judgment reinforces criminal intent.
Detention provides time
for the correction of injustice as the cause of crime
in the cognition of the conceptual mind
Belief in liberty FROM the law is flawed.
The law is for civil and human rights for all.
God has raised the Holy One from the dead.
The murderer spent life imprisoned to his dread
of his memory about the act that had made the living dead.
The resurrected Jesus took a piece of broiled fish.
He ate it in the apostles' presence as a fulfillment of their wish.
Rights are for life, liberty and happiness.
Your name is exalted for health in consciousness.
You are the designer of paradise.
The means to surmise the device
of this design is often achieved by surprise.
Your majesty is praised above the heavens
out of the mouths of your children assenting to your presence!
You have set up a stronghold for defense
against our adversaries aggression in dissent.
Safety and good health are protectors
in the risks that challenge our vectors
in the sensibilities for reason's detector.
When I consider the heavens and the earth
as your creation I am filled with wondrous mirth.
The course for the planets around the sun
has been set with gravity for the celestial run.
The projection of our solar system
among the galaxies from a point of space in wisdom
is the container for time with the rhythm of mystic vision!
What is human being that you are mindful of our existence?
Does the authentic person express insistence on resistance
to the persistence of the vicious condition?
How does your spirit know that which is human about being alive?
The Spirit of God knows that which is divine about eternal life.
Astrology was part of the astronomy for the nativity event.
The birth of Christ was for a ministry that was royal, priestly and prophetic.
Salvation by faith in the Son wasn't just ascetic.
The Physicist uses math and a microscope to perceive
atomic structure in which you can believe what you conceive.
The Entrepreneur uses the power to deceive
so the market will think about the product to increase prestige
The Performer arranges the elements for presentation
for the audience to seize as the mark of gradation
in the meaning of the contextual striation.
The field inside the sound of the musical
is not as rare as it is beautiful.
We have been made to exist only a little lower than angels.
We are adorned with our contagious relation to changes
in statistical tables regarding the staples of stations
among nations in the international generation
of political expectation.
The preservation of the environment
is our responsibility as an entitlement,
so we may cultivate food and flora for our joy,
construct constructs, produce products to employ
and organize organizations for our security to deploy.
It is your name that is exalted among the stars.
You are the designer for the paradise that is ours.
You are the authority for your power!
Power rules power.
You are the tower.
-------------------------
8 Domine, Dominus noster
Dominated, Our Dominator
1 O Lord our Governor,
how exalted is your Name in all the world!
2 Out of the mouths of infants and children
your majesty is praised above the heavens.
3 You have set up a stronghold against your adversaries,
to quell the enemy and the avenger.
4 When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers,
the moon and the stars you have set in their courses,
5 What is man that you should be mindful of him?
the son of man that you should seek him out?
6 You have made him but little lower than the angels;
you adorn him with glory and honor;
7 You give him mastery over the works of your hands;
you put all things under his feet:
8 All sheep and oxen,
even the wild beasts of the field,
9 The birds of the air, the fish of the sea,
and whatsoever walks in the paths of the sea.
10 O Lord our Governor,
how exalted is your Name in all the world!
----------------------------
Gen.1:16
God made the two great lights- the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night and the stars.
----------------------------
Two kinds of light were made.
The greater ruled the day.
The lesser governed the nocturnal way.
================
1 Corinth. 2:11
What human being knows what is truly human except the spirit that is within? So also no one comprehends what is truly God's except the Spirit of God.
----------------------------
How does your spirit know that which is human about being alive?
The Spirit of God knows that which is divine about eternal life.
================
Matt. 2:1-2
Wise men from the East came to Jerusalem in the time of King Herod after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea asking, 'Where is the child who has been born king of the Jews? We observed his star at its rising and have come to pay homage.'
Jerusalem- city of peace
Herod- hero
Jesus- God saves
Bethlehem- house of bread
Judea- land of praise
Parthian- shot fired in retreat
Magi- rulers
----------------------------
Astrology was part of the astronomy for the event.
The birth of Christ was for a ministry that was royal, priestly and prophetic.
Salvation by faith in the Son wasn't just ascetic.
================
Book of Common Prayer
We bless your Name for the knowledge and insight you bestowed upon Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler as the heavens declare your glory. We pray that you would continue to advance our understanding of your cosmos for our good and your glory through Jesus Christ, the firstborn of creation who with you and the Holy Spirit lives and reigns as one God forever. Amen
Immortality
The Copernican Theorem
The planets orbit the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
b.19 February 1473, Torun, Poland, Prussian Confederation
d 24 May 1543, Frombork, Poland, Prussia
Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer. His work in astronomy was mathematical and academic.
He looked at the theory of Ptolemy as an example of what had been believed about the planets in the field of study prior to his time.
Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 CE)
Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman mathematician and astronomer from the second century. He lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Alexandria had been established by Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE as a center for culture. It had a library that housed many scrolls.
Ptolemy thought that the planets and the sun orbited the earth.
He wrote in the Almagest:
“The solid body of the earth is reasonably considered as being the largest relative to those moving against it and as remaining unmoved in any direction by the force of the very small weights, and as it were absorbing their fall.”
This statement is based on direct observation. When you look at the night sky, the moon, the planets and the stars look small in comparison to the ground on which you stand.
The sun looks like an object that is smaller than earth. It appears to move across the sky. These observations give the impression that the earth is the center of the universe.
There are retrograde movements of the planets in the night sky though. A planet moves in one direction, then turns back. Then it turns back again and heads back in the direction that it had been headed. This retrograde movement is contrary to the reasonable expectation that an orbit around the earth would provide.
This was an important concern in navigation. Ships were dependent upon the knowledge of stars for navigation. The retrograde motion made a difference, but how significant was it? If knowledge got you where you needed to be most of the time, it seemed like it was enough.
What difference would it make if the sun was the center for the planetary system? Error in navigation at sea could prove to be fatal. If the planets orbit the sun instead of the earth, there is a great deal of difference in the conception of how things are based on how they work.
The 16th century is regarded by historians as the time in which the rise of the West occurred. The western world had been united by the papal leadership of the kings in Europe.
Rome had ceased to exist as the capital for Republican empire, but the pope had called for the crusades as a means to unite the kings of the west against the threat of invasion from Islam as the newer religious power.
The papacy had become a more Republican form of leadership with respect for election. His leadership presented a dilemma for all the monarchies insofar as they operated with hereditary succession.
France, Spain, Portugal, Germany and England had been competing for power with respect for leadership in Roman Catholic Christendom. The pope was elected by the college of cardinals to serve as the leader for the Church for the duration of his time in office.
The pope replaced the hereditary succession of the emperor in Rome in this way. He had been acting as the emperor in practical terms. He blessed the king of kings as well as the kings for their office.
Spain and Portugal became leading powers in the 16th century in the competition for trade routes with Islam. Muslim trade was mostly inland. The Spanish and the Portuguese had developed knowledge regarding navigation and ship building that enabled them to travel long distances at sea. They had military power.
They were willing to subjugate native people to take their gold, put them in slavery or take their land for the natural resources. They were looking to maintain independence from Islamic dominance.
The conquistadors acted as though they were on a friendly mission in order to get information and win trust. They were simply looking for a reason to find the natives in foreign places as representatives of polytheistic regression. The rest was motivated by the effort to avoid domination by Muslim aggression for monotheism.
The Iberians explored the world’s seas and opened world-wide oceanic trade routes. Large parts of the world became Spanish and Portuguese colonies. While the Portuguese became masters of African, Indian and Asian trade routes, the Spanish opened trade across the Atlantic and the Pacific to link the Americas with Asia.
Continental European powers were concerned with the success of the Spanish and the Portuguese. The Reformation gave a major blow to the authority of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. European politics came to be dominated by religious conflict.
The groundwork for the epochal Thirty Years’ War between the Spanish Habsburgs and the Dutch Republic was laid towards the end of the century. Protestant power was looking to secularize the state to avoid subjugation to any single Catholic kingdom. Science had become the battle-ground for objective secular knowledge.
The Ottoman empire continued to expand in the Middle East. The Ottomans engaged in battle with the border kingdoms for western power. They were mostly working to dominate inland entities, but they had conquered territory in Spain and Italy.
The Sultan took the title of Caliph. He was also fighting battles with the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Iran and Iraq were caught in the struggle for popularity from a once obscure Shiite sect of warrior mystics. Persia was working for independence from the majority Sunni Muslim world.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia. Prussia was a region that had been a part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466.
He was a polyglot and polymath scholar. He obtained a doctorate in canon law. He also practiced as a physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat and economist.
He was a third order Dominican like the rest of his family. He derived a quantity theory for money as a key concept for economics in 1517. He formulated a version of what later became known as Gresham’s law in 1519. Astronomy was a hobby.
Torun, Poland
Thorn = Torun
Torun is a city in northern-central Poland on the Vistula River. The city is renowned for the Museum of Gingerbread. The baking tradition dates back nearly a millennium. It has a large Cathedral along with other brick and stone constructs. There are those who believe it to be one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.
The Teutonic Knights crossed the river Vistula at the height of land at the city of Nessau and established a fortress in spring 1231. Hermann von Salza and Hermann Balk signed the foundation charters for Thorn and Kulm on 28 December 1233. The original document was lost in 1244. The set of rights in general is known as Kulm law.
The settlement was relocated to the present site of the Old Town in 1236 due to frequent floods. Franciscan friars settled in the city in 1236. Dominicans followed in 1239. The adjacent New Town was founded predominantly to house Torun's growing population of craftsmen and artisans in 1264.
When the city joined the mercantile Hanseatic League it became an important medieval trade center in 1280.
The First Peace of Thorn ended the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The treaty was signed in the city in February 1411 leaving the town in the hands of the Order. The gentry of Thorn formed the Prussian Confederation to further oppose the Knights' policies in 1440.
The Confederation rose against the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights in 1454. A confederate delegation submitted a petition to Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon. The petition asked him to regain power over Prussia as the rightful ruler. An act of incorporation was signed in Kraków (6 March 1454), recognizing the region, including Toruń, as part of the Polish Kingdom.
These events led to the Thirteen Years' War. The New and the Old Towns amalgamated in 1454. The citizens of Thorn conquered the Teutonic castle. The fortifications were dismantled brick by brick except for the Gdanisko tower.
The tower was used until the 18th century for gunpowder storage. Toruń financially supported the Polish Army during the war. The Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466 with the Second Peace of Thorn. The Teutonic Order ceded their control over the city to Poland.
Prussia was bordered by the Baltic Sea. It was not actively engaged in the competition for the domination of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans with Portugal and Spain. Navigation had global importance nonetheless. The truth of science was also being used as a justification for the secularization of the state.
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473. He was named after his father. He was the last of four children born into a merchant family. Torun was located about 250 miles to the north of the Polish capital, Krakow.
The city flourished due to its location on the only major waterway winding through the center of the Kingdom of Poland. The location was a factor in his father's solid sales of copper in Danzig (modern Gdansk).
Much of the responsibility for raising the young Copernicus fell on his uncle, Lucas Watzenrode the Younger. The uncle took the boy under his wing after the senior Nicolaus’ death. Watzenrode was a well-educated graduate of the University of Krakow.
He saw to it Nicolaus was exposed to some of the best teachers in Poland. When ready, the student entered his uncle’s alma mater in pursuit of a mathematics degree. This was a course of study which would inevitably tie into astronomy due to the close relationship between the two fields at the university.
The discipline of astronomy in his day was less scientific than what is understood today. Working telescopes were still more than 130 years from being invented. Learning about the movement of the stars would be based on observation, but it was influenced largely by theory and philosophy.
The works of ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Ptolemy and Euclid as well as those of Muslim scholars from the Middle Ages were the primary sources for his education. He would analyze his observations from these sometimes contradictory ideas and formulate his own concepts for how the universe worked.
Watzenrode called his nephew to join him in Warmia in 1495. The uncle had recently received the title of Prince-Bishop. This gave him governing responsibility in addition to his role as head of the Church.
Watzenrode pushed for Copernicus to receive an appointment as a low-level priest with administrative responsibilities. The move initially failed. The Prince-Bishop sent Copernicus and his brother to Italy for an education in law. They entered the Bologna University of Jurists in January 1497.
Nicolaus received the position his uncle intended for him within months. He served as the local canon in absentia while he completed his degree.
A chance encounter with Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, professor of astronomy at the University of Bologna, gave Copernicus access to one of the foremost minds in the field during his day. The two developed a great working relationship. Copernicus later credited Ferrara for witnessing his first astronomical observation.
He returned to Warmia briefly in 1501, then headed back to Italy for entrance in a medical college at the University of Padua. Copernicus managed to earn his law degree and keep in touch with Ferrara in the midst of his studies of anatomy and human ailments.
He became fluent in Latin and achieved a passing understanding of Greek and Italian. He already spoke Polish and German. Copernicus settled in Warmia once again with his two year appointment complete. This time he served as his uncle’s assistant and personal physician in 1503.
Copernicus traveled all over Poland as part of his uncle’s entourage until Watzenrode died in 1512. He continued to make notes on lunar eclipses and thinking through his own ideas about the nature of the universe.
He felt comfortable enough the sun was the center point of the solar system instead of the earth to publish a short description of the theory (heliocentrism) by 1514. This “Commentariolus,” literally a “little commentary” in Latin, amounted to the basics of his hypothesis. It was printed in a small run as a gift for close friends so far as historians can tell.
Copernicus continued in his role as an adviser to the leadership of Warmia over the next 20 years. He also advised the Royal Prussian Diet after the Polish-Teutonic War ended in 1521. He focused primarily on economics. Rough ideas related to the use of currency were conceived that would later be proven by other theorists, particularly Thomas Gresham.
He used his free time to tinker with astronomy. The mathematical underpinnings for his concept of heliocentrism were derived with this time.
Planetary Orbits
“De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelstium” was the major work for Copernicus in astronomy. The title translates as “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres.” The work was finished by 1530.
The central theory was the Earth rotates daily on its axis. It revolves yearly around the sun. The other planets also orbit the sun. This challenged the long held view that the earth was stationary at the center of the universe. This view believed that the planets, stars, sun and moon revolve around the center.
He wrote, "All the spheres revolve about the sun as their midpoint, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe...." [solar system]
Copernicus adapted physics to the demands of astronomy. He believed that the primary principle of observation for Ptolemy’s system was incorrect. This error forced the mathematics to describe the retrograde motion of planets in a way that supported the original error in principle.
Copernicus was the first person to integrate a system that combined mathematics, physics and cosmology in a way that describes the planetary system as it functions, not based on error in the perception of appearance.
This thesis had a major impact on political theory. If the earth is not the center of the planetary system, then no one has the right to declare that everyone else revolves around him or her. It follows that no one is the center of the universe.
This position was used to promote the secularization of the state. The church in the Protestant reformation was a politically monarchical entity. The papacy's claim to supreme authority was diminished by the process.
His treatise on the planetary system was published in 1543. He died on the 24th of May in the same year. The publication is considered to be a major event in the history of science. It triggered the Copernican revolution and made a major contribution to science.
His work affirmed that there is a measure for what is and is not human in nature. Measure gives the qualities defined by science significance in relation to size and importance.
Martin Luther had reportedly nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church in 1517. The first Act of Royal Supremacy was passed by parliament in England on November 3, 1534. John Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion" was published in 1536. The Protestant Reformation had become a state sponsored institution.
Copernicus had been an authority in Canon Law for the Church. He was a third order Dominican, but he was also a citizen of the state. The duchy of Prussia had been secularized by the Teutonic Order in 1525 as part of the Protestant reformation. Albert, the Duke of Prussia, was the Grand Master for the Teutonic Knights.
Copernicus' epoch making treatise had only caused mild controversy at the original publication. There were no fierce sermons about contradicting Holy Scripture. It was three years after the publication that a Dominican by the name of Giovanni Maria Tolosani denounced the work.
The theory was renounced in an appendix to a work defending the truth of Scripture in 1546. Tolosani noted that Bartolomeo Spina, the Master of the Sacred Palace, had planned to condemn "de Revolutionibus," but had been prevented from doing so by illness and death. The Master of the Sacred Palace was the chief censor for the Catholic Church.
Tolosani had written his treatise to reform the calendar. Astronomy would play a large role in the revision. He had attended the Fifth Lateran Council.
Fifth Lateran Council
1512-1517
The council had been convened by Pope Julius II from 1512 to 1517 to meet in Rome to decide issues regarding relations between France, the Papal States and the Spanish empire.
The excommunication of a number of cardinals from Pisa by the pope was upheld. These cardinals were supported by Louis XII of France. The statements from the council of Pisa (1409) were rejected.
A statement declared that local bishops must give their permission before the printing of a new book. A call to reclaim the 'holy lands' in the Middle East was reissued against the Turks.
A statement regarding the immortality of the soul was made. This statement concerned what it was to be rational according to the healing mission of the church.
Presence of Zeus
Ptolemy had made a statement about being mortal, but his tracing of the celestial bodies put him in the presence of divinity. It gave him participation in immortality.
His placement of the earth at the center of the universe was held over the helio-centric theory of Copernicus by virtue of belief in the immortality of the soul.
Astronomical calculations regarding epicycles and eccentrics were seen as mere mathematical devices to adjust calculations of where the heavenly bodies would appear. They weren't an explanation of the cause of those motions.
Even Copernicus still maintained the idea of perfectly circular orbits. He relied on epicycles. This "saving the phenomena" was seen as proof that astronomy and mathematics could not be taken as serious means to determine physical causes.
Tolosani invoked this view in his final critique of Copernicus. He said that his biggest error was that he had started with "inferior" fields of science to make pronouncements about "superior" disciplines.
Copernicus had used mathematics and astronomy to postulate about physics and cosmology.
He had not started with the accepted principles of physics and cosmology to determine things about astronomy and mathematics. He seemed to be undermining the whole system of the philosophy of science at the time.
The Catholic Church didn't take any official action against Copernicus' work until six decades after it was published. The Congregation of the Index issued a decree that suspended the treatise until it could be "corrected." The doctrine that the earth moves and the sun does not was deemed to be "false and altogether opposed to Holy Scripture."
The same decree also prohibited any work that defended the mobility of the earth or the immobility of the sun. Any attempt to reconcile these assertions with Scripture was denied.
The corrections to "De Revolutionibus" omitted or altered nine sentences. These corrections were issued in 1620. This was four years after the original decree. The censorship wasn't lifted until 1835.
The helio-centric view of the planetary system is now believed to be correct. The orbits of the planets are ellipitical as opposed to perfectly circular. Circularity had been used as a symbolic promise for the immortality for the soul. The soul was symbolically represented by a circle or a sphere.
There had been a time when the earth and the planets were believed to be discs rather than spheres. The planets and the sun were circular disks that moved around the earth as the central circle.
The planetary model is scientifically significant insofar as it is part of reality as it is. Knowledge is regarded as common ground for people who believe in God and those who do not.
The Egyptians had been the first to establish belief in resurrection. The resurrection cycle carried important implications regarding past precedence as the basis for making determinations for policy. The policy was mainly legal with respect for political, social and personal aspects.
The resurrection of Christ gives Christian monotheism a basis for the consideration of the relation of religious belief to the world. While scripture has documented that Jesus said that his kingdom is not of this world, the descent of the kingdom into the world has been presented in the book of Revelations.
The life of the soul is evident in reflections regarding the importance of statements on policy made in history. The Church has declared apostolic rule as a perpetuation of eternal life.
Changes made to the association of punishment with crime as opposed to law have indicated progress with respect to the documentation of justice in a society that can't be forced to accept the rule of one religion. Alcuin told Charlemagne that people must be allowed to choose faith. Baptism had to be voluntary, not forced.
Christianity has been the predominant religion in the west, but it maintains roots in Judaism. It was designed to be the monotheistic form for the transformation of the Roman republic into something that recognizes the importance of commerce as incentive for social interaction, has a political structure that reflects the social contract between the people and the government and makes legal provision for defense from attack.
Respect for borders is a matter of critical importance in this formulation.
Islam was the product of the need for a monotheistic religion that allowed for the development or the integration of tribal or nomadic society into the civilized state.
Rome lacked respect for borders in the promotion of insurrection or invasion as determinants in foreign policy. They also lacked a means to incorporate non-Romans into the society.
Tribal or nomadic society lacks the same respect in a more primitive way. The primitive condition keeps them closer to the potential to use arms for rebellion or participation in war.
Bishop Selwyn's model for the use of the Church of England as an integrated model for social interaction in New Zealand addressed the essential elements for development with language and incorporation.
The Maori natives were given the opportunity to learn English. English speakers were given the option to learn the native language. Natives were invited to join the Church to participate in the government by election or appointment.
This model gives an example of essential education for the development of civilized interaction between settled and primtive cultures. The promotion of good news is the incentive to get people to work together for corporate goals with respect for common law.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/copernicus.shtml
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Copernicus.html http://www.crazyaboutquotes.com/images/copernicus-quote.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#Controversy
http://satucket.com/lectionary/copernicus_kepler.html
http://i.imgur.com/6jelU.jpg
http://www.thisdayinworldhistory.com/february-19-1473-nicolaus-copernicus-is-born-in-torun-poland/
